DEVPSY COMPRE REVIEW

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327 Terms

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Developmental Psychology

continuities and changes that individuals display overtime

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Normative Development

characterising all members of a species

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Ideographic Development

describe those that vary across individuals

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Human Development

changes individuals and their relationships go through as they continue to grow

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Holistic Perspective

social, emotional, physical, mental, and intellectual growth

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Plasticity

the potential to be shaped by experience

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Reliability

produces consistent, replicable results

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Validity

accurately measures what it is intended to measure

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Correlational Design

  • examine relationships without intervention

  • design for detecting relationships

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Experimental Design

  • identifies cause and effect relationships

  • design for detecting relationships

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Cross-sectional Design

  • compares age groups at a single point in time

  • design for studying development

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Longitudinal Design

  • repeatedly examining the same participants as they grow older

  • design for studying development

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Sequential Design

  • combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

  • design for studying development

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Microgenetic Design

  • studies children when developmental changes normally occur

  • design for studying development

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Research Ethics

standards of conduct to protect participants from harm

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Rights of Participants

  • Protection from harm

  • Confidentiality

  • Explanation for any deception

  • Informed consent

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Nature vs Nurture

Are biological dispositions or environmental influences the most influential?

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Continuity vs Discontinuity

Are developmental changes quantitative and continuous (gradual) or qualitative and discontinuous (stage-like)?

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Active vs Passive

Are children active contributors to their own development or passive recipients of their environment?

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Universality vs Context Specific

Are developmental changes common to everyone or vary by individual, culture, or subculture?

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Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual Theory

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Psychosexual Theory

  • people are driven by sexual and aggressive instincts that must be controlled

  • people's behavior was said to reflect unconscious motives that people repress

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Oral Stage

Fixation: Smoking, overeating, nail-biting

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Oral Stage

Erogenous Zone: Mouth

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Oral Stage

Major Development: Coming off breastfeeding

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Oral Stage

Age: 0-1 yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

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Anal Stage

Age: 1-3 Years (Psychosexual Stage)

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Anal Stage

Erogenous Zone: Anus

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Anal Stage

Major Development: Toilet Training

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Anal Stage

Fixation: Orderliness, Messiness

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Phallic Stage

Age: 3-6 yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

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Phallic Stage

Age: 3-6 yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

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Phallic Stage

Major Development: Oedipus/Electra Complex

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Phallic Stage

Fixation: Sexual Dysfunction

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Latency Stage

Age: 6-12 yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

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Latency Stage

Major Development: Defense Mechanism

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Genital Stage

Age: 12+ yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

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Genital Stage

Erogenous Zone: Potential Sexual Partners; Genitals

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Genital Stage

Major Development: Full Sexual Maturity

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Genital Stage

Fixation: Mental Health

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Id

Pleasure Principle

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Ego

Reality Principle

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Superego

Morality Principle

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Erik Erikson

Theory of Psychosocial Development

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Theory of Psychosocial Development

people advance through the stages of development based on how they adjust to social crises throughout their lives

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Infancy Stage

Age: 0-1 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

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Infancy Stage

Basic Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust

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Infancy Stage

Virtue: Hope

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Early Childhood

Age: 1-3 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

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Early Childhood

Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

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Early Childhood

Virtue: Will

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Play Age

Age: 3-6 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

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Play Age

Basic Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt

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Play Age

Virtue: Purpose

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School Age

Age: 7-11 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

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School Age

Basic Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority

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School Age

Virtue: Competence

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Adolescence

Age: 12-18 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

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Adolescence

Basic Conflict: Identity vs Role Confusion

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Adolescence

Basic Virtue: Fidelity

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Early Adulthood

Age: 19-29 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

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Early Adulthood

Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation

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Early Adulthood

Virtue: Love

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Middle Age

Age: 30-64 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

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Middle Age

Basic Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation

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Middle Age

Virtue: Care

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Old Age (Late Adulthood)

Age: 65+ yrs (Psychosocial Development)

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Old Age (Late Adulthood)

Basic Conflict: Integrity vs Despair

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Old Age (Late Adulthood)

Virtue: Wisdom

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BF Skinner

Operant Learning Theory

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Operant Learning Theory

when a stimulus (antecedent) leads to a behavior, which then leads to a consequence

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Reinforcement

increase of desirable behavior

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Positive Reinforcement

adding a stimulus to strengthen behavior

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Negative Reinforcement

removing a stimulus to strengthen a behavior

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Punishment

decrease undesirable behavior

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Positive Punishment

adding of stimulus to weaken behavior

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Negative Punishment

removing of stimulus to strengthen behavior

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Albert Bandura

Social Learning Theory

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Social Learning Theory

viewed observational learning as the source of children's learning

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Jean Piaget

Cognitive Development Theory

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Cognitive Development Theory

views children as active explorers who construct cognitive schemes

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Sensorimotor Stage

  • 0-2 yrs

  • understand the world through senses and actions

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Preoperational Stage

  • 2-7 yrs

  • understand the world through language and images

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Concrete Operational Stage

  • 7-12 yrs

  • understand the world through logical thinking and categories

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Formal Operational

  • 12 yrs onwards

  • understand the world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning

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Lev Vygotsky

Sociocultural Theory

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Sociocultural Theory

views cognitive growth as a socially mediated activity

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Information-Processing Theory

information flows into the system, is operated on, and is converted to output

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George Miller

Information-Processing Theory

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Konrad Lorenz

Ethological Theory

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Ethological Theory

views humans as born with adaptive attributes that have evolved through natural selection

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Urie Bronfenbrenner

Ecological Systems Theory

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<p>Ecological Systems Theory</p>

Ecological Systems Theory

most accepted explanations on the influence of social environments on human development

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Person/Individual

where identities, traits, and characteristics are found

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Microsystem

family, school, peers, religious affiliation, workplace

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Mesosystem

family, school, peers, religious affiliation, workplace PLUS neighborhood

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Exosystem

economic, political, educational, governmental, and religious systems

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Macrosystem

overarching values and beliefs

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Chronosystem

time

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Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development Theory