DEVPSY COMPRE REVIEW

Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology

continuities and changes that individuals display overtime

Normative Development

characterising all members of a species

Ideographic Development

describe those that vary across individuals

Human Development

changes individuals and their relationships go through as they continue to grow

Holistic Perspective

social, emotional, physical, mental, and intellectual growth

Plasticity

the potential to be shaped by experience

Reliability

produces consistent, replicable results

Validity

accurately measures what it is intended to measure

Correlational Design

• examine relationships without intervention

• design for detecting relationships

Experimental Design

• identifies cause and effect relationships

• design for detecting relationships

Cross-sectional Design

• compares age groups at a single point in time

• design for studying development

Longitudinal Design

• repeatedly examining the same participants as they grow older

• design for studying development

Sequential Design

• combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

• design for studying development

Microgenetic Design

• studies children when developmental changes normally occur

• design for studying development

Research Ethics

standards of conduct to protect participants from harm

Rights of Participants

• Protection from harm

• Confidentiality

• Explanation for any deception

• Informed consent

Nature vs Nurture

Are biological dispositions or environmental influences the most influential?

Continuity vs Discontinuity

Are developmental changes quantitative and continuous (gradual) or qualitative and discontinuous (stage-like)?

Active vs Passive

Are children active contributors to their own development or passive recipients of their environment?

Universality vs Context Specific

Are developmental changes common to everyone or vary by individual, culture, or subculture?

Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual Theory

Psychosexual Theory

• people are driven by sexual and aggressive instincts that must be controlled

• people's behavior was said to reflect unconscious motives that people repress

Oral Stage

Fixation: Smoking, overeating, nail-biting

Oral Stage

Erogenous Zone: Mouth

Oral Stage

Major Development: Coming off breastfeeding

Oral Stage

Age: 0-1 yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

Anal Stage

Age: 1-3 Years (Psychosexual Stage)

Anal Stage

Erogenous Zone: Anus

Anal Stage

Major Development: Toilet Training

Anal Stage

Fixation: Orderliness, Messiness

Phallic Stage

Age: 3-6 yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

Phallic Stage

Age: 3-6 yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

Phallic Stage

Major Development: Oedipus/Electra Complex

Phallic Stage

Fixation: Sexual Dysfunction

Latency Stage

Age: 6-12 yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

Latency Stage

Major Development: Defense Mechanism

Genital Stage

Age: 12+ yrs (Psychosexual Stage)

Genital Stage

Erogenous Zone: Potential Sexual Partners; Genitals

Genital Stage

Major Development: Full Sexual Maturity

Genital Stage

Fixation: Mental Health

Id

Pleasure Principle

Ego

Reality Principle

Superego

Morality Principle

Erik Erikson

Theory of Psychosocial Development

Theory of Psychosocial Development

people advance through the stages of development based on how they adjust to social crises throughout their lives

Infancy Stage

Age: 0-1 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

Infancy Stage

Basic Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust

Infancy Stage

Virtue: Hope

Early Childhood

Age: 1-3 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

Early Childhood

Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Early Childhood

Virtue: Will

Play Age

Age: 3-6 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

Play Age

Basic Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt

Play Age

Virtue: Purpose

School Age

Age: 7-11 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

School Age

Basic Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority

School Age

Virtue: Competence

Adolescence

Age: 12-18 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

Adolescence

Basic Conflict: Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescence

Basic Virtue: Fidelity

Early Adulthood

Age: 19-29 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

Early Adulthood

Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation

Early Adulthood

Virtue: Love

Middle Age

Age: 30-64 yrs (Psychosocial Development)

Middle Age

Basic Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation

Middle Age

Virtue: Care

Old Age (Late Adulthood)

Age: 65+ yrs (Psychosocial Development)

Old Age (Late Adulthood)

Basic Conflict: Integrity vs Despair

Old Age (Late Adulthood)

Virtue: Wisdom

BF Skinner

Operant Learning Theory

Operant Learning Theory

when a stimulus (antecedent) leads to a behavior, which then leads to a consequence

Reinforcement

increase of desirable behavior

Positive Reinforcement

adding a stimulus to strengthen behavior

Negative Reinforcement

removing a stimulus to strengthen a behavior

Punishment

decrease undesirable behavior

Positive Punishment

adding of stimulus to weaken behavior

Negative Punishment

removing of stimulus to strengthen behavior

Albert Bandura

Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory

viewed observational learning as the source of children's learning

Jean Piaget

Cognitive Development Theory

Cognitive Development Theory

views children as active explorers who construct cognitive schemes

Sensorimotor Stage

• 0-2 yrs

• understand the world through senses and actions

Preoperational Stage

• 2-7 yrs

• understand the world through language and images

Concrete Operational Stage

• 7-12 yrs

• understand the world through logical thinking and categories

Formal Operational

• 12 yrs onwards

• understand the world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning

Lev Vygotsky

Sociocultural Theory

Sociocultural Theory

views cognitive growth as a socially mediated activity

Information-Processing Theory

information flows into the system, is operated on, and is converted to output

George Miller

Information-Processing Theory

Konrad Lorenz

Ethological Theory

Ethological Theory

views humans as born with adaptive attributes that have evolved through natural selection

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Ecological Systems Theory

Ecological Systems Theory

most accepted explanations on the influence of social environments on human development

Person/Individual

where identities, traits, and characteristics are found

Microsystem

family, school, peers, religious affiliation, workplace

Mesosystem

family, school, peers, religious affiliation, workplace PLUS neighborhood

Exosystem

economic, political, educational, governmental, and religious systems

Macrosystem

overarching values and beliefs

Chronosystem

time

Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development Theory