Module 4 - Biodiversity, evolution, disease

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Name 2 common vectors

Water, insects

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Identify two ways Bacteria can be classified by:

* their basic shapes
* Their cell walls

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What colour does the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria show up as on a microscope when stained?

Red

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Why is it useful that we can identify the type of cell walls in bacteria?

Because the type of cell wall of bacteria affects how it will react to antibiotics

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What colour does the cell wall of Gram positive show up as on a microscope when stained?

Purple

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List 3 bacterial pathogens that can cause communicable diseases in plants and animals

* Tuberculosis
* Bacterial meningitis
* Ring rot

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Bacillus

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Chain of bacilli

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Coccus

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Pair of cocci

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Chain of cocci

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Cluster of cocci

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Vibrio

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Spirillum

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What is the name of the bacteria shown here?

Spirochaete

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How can bacterial infections in animals be treated?

Antibiotics

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What is a vector? \*

Something that can carry and transmit a pathogen from one organism to another

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List 3 viral pathogens that can cause communicable diseases in plants and animals

* HIV/AIDS
* Influenza
* Tobacco mosaic virus

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Name 2 Protoctist pathogens that can cause communicable diseases in plants and animals

* Malaria
* Potato blight

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List 3 Fungal pathogens that can cause communicable diseases in plants and animals

* Black sigatoka
* Ringworm
* Athletes foot

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Is Tuberculosis bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

Bacterial

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Is Bacterial meningitis bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

Bacterial

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Is ring rot bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

Bacterial

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Is HIV/AIDS bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

Viral

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Is influenza bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

Viral

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Is TMV bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

viral

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Is malaria bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

Protoctista

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Is potato/tomato late blight bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

Protoctista

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Is black sigatoka bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

fungal

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Is ringworm bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

fungal

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Is Athlete’s foot bacterial, fungal, viral or protoctista

fungal

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List 3 direct transmission methods of spreading disease in animals

* Direct contact
* Inoculation
* Ingestion

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List 3 indirect transmission methods of spreading disease in animals

* Fomites
* Droplets of infection
* Vectors

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Factors 5 affecting Transmission of Disease in Animals

* Overcrowding
* Poor nutrition
* Vulnerable immune system
* Disposal of waste
* Climate change

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List a direct transmission method of spreading disease in plants

* Contact with leaves

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List 5 direct transmission methods of spreading disease in animals

* Soil contamination
* Wind
* Water
* Animals
* Humans

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List 5 Factors affecting transmission of disease in plants

* susceptibility of disease
* Overcrowding
* Resistance
* Climate conditions

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name 3 primary physical defence barriers to prevent the entry of disease in plants

* waxy cuticle
* Bark (trees)
* Cellulose cell walls

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Do plants attempt to heal disease in damaged tissue if no, what do they do instead?

No, they section it off

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What type of defence is callose deposition an example of in plans ?

Mechanical /physical

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Do plants heal damaged tissue?

No

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What do plants do to damaged tissue?

They section it off

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Gap fill…

(Number of dots doesn’t represent number of letters in missing word)

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Callose papillae act as ………, ………… the pathogen entering the plant ……… around the site of ………..

barriers, preventing, cells, infection

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What may be added to the plants mechanical barrier to make t thicker/ stronger?

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lignin

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Why may lignin be added to plant tissue during infection?

to make it stronger and thicker

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What does callose do?

prevents the spread of pathogens, blocks sieve plates in the phloem

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Why may callose deposited?

to seal off infected parts of the plant and prevent the spread of pathogens

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Where is callose deposited? \*\*\*

in plasmodesmata, between infected cells

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Why do plants produce powerful chemicals?

to repel insect vectors/ kill invading pathogens

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Give an example of insect repellents

pine resin

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Name 6 chemical defences in plants…

insect repellents, insecticides, antibacterial compounds, antifungal compounds, anti-oomycetes

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Give an example of an insecticide…

Caffeine

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Give a named antibacterial compound in plants…

Phenols

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Give 2 named examples of antibacterial compounds in plants …

Phenols, chitinases

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What are chitinases and what do they do?

enzymes, break down chitin in fungal cells

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Give an example of an anti-oomycetes…

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Glucanases

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Give a named example of a general toxin…

Cyanide

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Gap fill…

(Number of dots doesn’t represent number of letters in missing word)

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………. is toxic to most …….. ……..

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Cyanide, living things

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What triggers callose deposition?

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Plant cells recognises pathogenic molecules / breakdown products of cell wall are recognised, signalling molecules alert nucleus to attack

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Which is faster, the non-specific immune system or the specific immune system?

Non-specific immune system

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What are 4 ways our bodies prevent the entry of pathogens?

Skin, mucous membranes, lysozymes in tears and stomach acid, blood clotting

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How is skin adapted to prevent entry of pathogens?

Produces sebum, which inhibits growth of pathogens

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Where can mucous membranes be found?

gas exchange system, airways

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Why are mucous membranes effective at keeping pathogens out?

They secrete sticky mucous which trap micro-organisms , the lysozymes destroy the fungal and bacterial cell walls. mucous also contains phagocytes to remove the remaining pathogens

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State 4 expulsive reflexes the body has…

Coughing, sneezing, vomitting and diarrhoea

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What do expulsive reflexes such as coughing and sneezing do?

They eject mucous full of pathogens out of the gas exchange system

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What do expulsive reflexes such as vomiting and diarrohea do?

expel the contents of the gut and pathogens

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What is the name of the enzyme that triggers the formation of a blood clot?

Thromboplastin

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What does thromboplastin do?

The enzyme that triggers the formation of a blood clot

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Why is it important that blood clots rapidly form when the skin is breached?

To prevent the entry of pathogens

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What is the role of the serotonin in blood clotting and wound repair?

Causes smooth muscles in blood vessels to contract, making the blood vessels narrow) to reduce bleeding and blood supply to the area.

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What happens when the blood clot has formed?

blood clot dries out and scab is formed

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Why are scabs important?

to prevent the entry of pathogens

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What happens when the skin under the blood clot has returned to its original thickness?

Scab falls off

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After injury when does a scab fall off?

When the new epidermis reaches normal thickness

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What type of response is the inflammatory response?

Localised response, primary response

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What can inflammation be characterised by?

pain, heat, redness, swelling

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What is the name of the cells that are activated when tissue is damaged?

Mast cells

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What are the names of the chemicals secreted by the mast cells?

Histamines and cytokines

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Why is localised heat/ raised body temperature good?

prevents pathogens from reproducing

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How does swelling occur?

Histamines cause blood vessels to dilate, they become more leaky forcing blood plasma out of the blood, this is called tissue fluid

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What is the name of blood plasma once forced out of the blood?

tissue fluid

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What is the role of cytokines?\*\*\*

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What can the inflammatory response cause if an infection is wide spread?

Whole body rash

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What happens if pathogens get into the body?

The body tries to prevent them from reproducing and tries to kill them

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Which part of the brain controls and regulates body temperature?

hypothalamus

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What is the normal body temperature? (°C)

(Roughly)

37

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Why are fevers important?

Prevents pathogens from reproducing, specific immune system works better at higher temperatures.

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What are specialised white blood cells called?

Phagocytes

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True/False

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Macrophages have a lobed nucleus.

False

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What does pus consist of?

Dead neutrophils and pathogens

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What are the 2 main phagocytes called?

Neutrophils, macrophages

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What is the name of the vacuole in which the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen?

Phagosome

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What is it called when the phagosome with the pathogen inside combines with a lysosome?

Phagolysosome

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Is phagocytosis a specific response?

no

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What is a phagolysosome?

Phagosome combined with lysosome