THPT Graduation Exam Foundation Review - Vocabulary and Grammar Concepts

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers essential grammatical terms, fixed collocations, phrasal verbs, and confusing word distinctions required for English language proficiency in the THPT Graduation context.

Preposition

Words or phrases usually placed before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to show the relationship between that word and other components in a sentence, such as time, space, goal, or cause.

Apply for

A verb combined with the preposition 'for' meaning to officially ask for a job or a position in an organization.

Depend on

A verb combined with the preposition 'on' meaning to rely on or be determined by something else.

Suffer from

A verb combined with the preposition 'from' used to describe experiencing a physical or mental condition, such as a disease or chronic pain.

Aware of

An adjective combined with the preposition 'of' meaning to have knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.

Vulnerable to

An adjective combined with the preposition 'to' describing someone or something that is easily hurt or influenced by outside factors.

On behalf of

A fixed phrase meaning as the representative of someone else or a group.

With a view to + V-ing

A fixed phrase used to express the purpose or goal of doing an activity.

Collocation

A natural combination of two or more words that carry a complete meaning based on the usage habits of native speakers.

Breadwinner

The member of a family who earns the money that the family needs for daily living.

Carbon footprint

The total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by our actions.

Phrasal Verb

The combination of a main verb and one or two particles (adverb or preposition) that usually creates a new meaning different from the original verb.

Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verb

A type of phrasal verb that must have an object, and that object must always be placed after the entire phrase.

OSASCOMP

A grammar rule for the order of multiple adjectives: Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose.

Quantifier

Words or phrases placed before nouns to indicate the quantity of people, objects, or phenomena.

A wealth of information

A sophisticated quantifier phrase used to describe a large and rich amount of data or knowledge.

A shred of doubt

A quantifier phrase used to describe the smallest possible amount of uncertainty, often used in negative sentences.

Conjunction

Words or phrases used to connect words, phrases, or clauses to show logical relationships like cause-effect, contrast, or condition.

Relative Clause

A subordinate clause used to modify a noun or pronoun that precedes it, starting with relative pronouns like who, whom, which, whose, or that.

Non-defining Relative Clause

A clause that provides extra information and is separated from the main clause by commas; it cannot use the relative pronoun 'that'.

Indefinite Pronoun

Words used to refer to people, things, or places in a general way without being specific, such as everyone, something, or nowhere.

Salary

A fixed amount of money paid to an employee every month for their professional work.

Wage

An amount of money paid based on the specific number of hours, days, or weeks worked, typically for manual or part-time labor.

Invent

To create or design something that has not existed before, such as a machine or scientific process.

Discover

To find information, a place, or an object that already existed in nature but was previously unknown.

Modal Perfect

A structure using 'Modal Verb + have + V3/ed' used to make deductions or express attitudes about past events.

Should have + V3/ed

A modal perfect structure used to express regret or criticism about an action that was desirable in the past but did not happen.

Habitat

The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

Lifelong Learning

The continuous, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons throughout one's life.

Cyberbullying

The use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature.