exam 3- biol 1406 review

A set of 50 practice flashcards covering key concepts from cell signaling, photosynthesis, the cell cycle, meiosis, cellular respiration, fermentation, thermodynamics, and basic biochemistry.

Which of the following is NOT a stage of cell signaling?

Replication

Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Thylakoid membrane

What is the function of protein kinases in signal transduction?

Transfer phosphate groups

The G1 checkpoint checks for:

Cell size and cell function

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Genetic variation

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions?

NADP+

Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of:

Cell plate

What is the ploidy of gametes formed from meiosis?

Haploid

What structure pulls chromosomes apart during mitosis?

spindle fibers

How many cells result from meiosis?

4

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA replication

What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

G protein-coupled receptors are located in the:

Plasma membrane

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase I

Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in plant cells?

Chloroplasts

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

Light reactions and Calvin Cycle

What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis?

Electron carrier for the Calvin cycle

Which gas is a reactant in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide

What enzyme is crucial for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle?

Rubisco

What adaptation is used by CAM plants?

opens stomata at night

What is the first phase of the cell cycle?

G1 phase

During which phase is DNA replicated?

S phase

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase and M Phase

What is the function of mitosis?

To equally divide genetic material

What is cytokinesis?

Division of the cytoplasm

During which phase do chromosomes align at the center line?

Metaphase

What separates during anaphase?

Sister chromatids

What process forms gametes in animals?

Meiosis

Which cells are haploid?

Gametes

What is crossing over?

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

What are the stages of cell signaling?

Reception, transduction, response

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death

What is the structure of ATP?

Adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

What do noncompetitive inhibitors do?

Bind elsewhere and change the shape

What are the stages of Cellular Respiration?

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

Cytosol

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Mitochondria

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, CO2

In the Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle, what are the products?

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2

What is the total ATP production from cellular respiration?

Approximately 30–32 ATP

What are the two types of fermentation?

Alcohol and lactic acid

Does fermentation require oxygen?

No

How much ATP is produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

About 26–28 ATP

What are enzymes?

Biological catalysts

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions in the body

What are homologous chromosomes?

Pairs with same genes from each parent

What structure forms in animal cytokinesis?

Cleavage furrow

What binds to a receptor to initiate a signal?

Ligand