STRUCTURES
Studied by 3 people
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards1/78
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
|---|
No study sessions yet.
79 Terms
What is Locked-In Syndrome?
Person is aware but cannot move or speak; awake with preserved sleep-wake cycle.
What is a vegetative state?
Wakefulness without awareness; may have sleep-wake cycles and reflexes.
What is a coma?
No wakefulness or awareness; eyes closed; no response to environment.
What is brain death?
Complete and irreversible loss of all brain function; no EEG activity or brainstem reflexes.
Where does visual information go after the retina?
To the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, then to the thalamus and primary visual cortex.
What are rods responsible for?
Vision in dim light and peripheral vision.
What are cones responsible for?
Color vision and visual acuity in bright light.
What happens if the optic chiasm is damaged?
Loss of peripheral vision (bitemporal hemianopsia).
What does the somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary movements and sensory information from the body.
What are dermatomes?
Skin areas innervated by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve root.
Where is C4 dermatome located?
Top of shoulders.
Where is T10 dermatome located?
Belly button area.
Where are sympathetic neurons located?
Thoracolumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Where are parasympathetic neurons located?
Craniosacral regions of the spinal cord.
What is the function of sympathetic postganglionic fibers?
Release norepinephrine to activate adrenergic receptors.
What is the function of parasympathetic postganglionic fibers?
Release acetylcholine to activate muscarinic receptors.
What is tonicity?
Effect a solution has on the volume of a cell due to osmosis.
What happens in a hypertonic solution?
Cell loses water and shrinks.
What is the effect of high sodium intake?
Increases blood volume and blood pressure.
What triggers renin release?
Drop in blood pressure or blood volume.
What does angiotensin II do?
Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release.
What does aldosterone do?
Increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys.
What does a CT scan show?
Cross-sectional images of the body using x-rays.
What is the purpose of EEG?
Records electrical activity of the brain.
What is the function of CN I (Olfactory)?
Smell
What does CN II (Optic) control?
Vision
Which cranial nerve controls most eye movements and pupil size?
CN III (Oculomotor)
Which nerve is responsible for facial expression and taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN VII (Facial)
Which cranial nerve has the broadest parasympathetic function?
CN X (Vagus)
Which brainstem region contains the cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers?
Medulla oblongata
What is the function of the red nucleus?
Relays motor information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord.
What is the role of periaqueductal gray matter?
Pain modulation and coordinating species-specific behaviors.
What does the substantia nigra produce and what disease is linked to its degeneration?
Produces dopamine; linked to Parkinson’s disease.
What is osmometric thirst?
Thirst caused by cellular dehydration due to high solute concentration.
What is volumetric thirst?
Thirst triggered by low blood volume.
Which hormone helps retain water during dehydration?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
What causes release of aldosterone?
Stimulation by angiotensin II to retain sodium and water.
What brain structure regulates sleep-wake cycles and consciousness?
Reticular formation
What are signs of brain death?
No EEG activity, absent reflexes, and no spontaneous breathing.
What is the apnea test used for?
Determining if a patient breathes in response to high CO2.
What does damage to the primary visual cortex cause?
Cortical blindness.
What is the result of a lesion in the optic nerve?
Blindness in the affected eye.
What is the result of a lesion at the optic chiasm?
Loss of peripheral vision (bitemporal hemianopsia).