Abnormal Psychology

Presents

Presenting problem of the client

Prevalence

How many people in the population have the disorder

Incidence

How many new cases occur during a given period of time

Onset

Beginning of the disorder (acute or insidious onset)

Course

Disorders follow an individual pattern (chronic course, episodic course, time-limited course)

Etiology

What contributes to the development of the disorder

Treatment Development

How to alleviate psychological suffering including pharmacology, psychotherapy, or combined treatments

Prognosis

Anticipated/future course of a disorder

Abnormal Psychology

Branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior

Criteria for Defining Abnormality (4D)

Distress, Dysfunction, Danger, Deviance

Biopsychosocial Formulation

Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural Causes

Mental Health

Successful performance of mental function resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and adaptation to change

Mental Disorder (DSM V-TR)

Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Basis for Assessing Maladjustment

Conformity to norms, Inner world, Social Contribution

History of Abnormal Behavior

Prehistoric beliefs, Trephining, Exorcism

Contemporary Theories On The Causes Of Abnormality

Disease, Disorder, Signs, Symptoms

Classification

Systematic delineation of major categories of psychological conditions

Diagnosis

Process of assigning individuals to categories generated by a classification system

Comorbidity

Co-occurring disorders

Differential Diagnosis

Determining which of two or more diseases or disorders a patient has

Biological Approaches

Structural abnormalities, disordered biochemistry, faulty genes causing psychological symptoms

Neurotransmitter Theories

Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine

Social Structural Model Of Mental Health

Models of Psychopathology, Inferiority Model, Deprivation/Deficit Model

Models In The Study Of Psychopathology

Biogenic Model, Responses are learned, Cognitive-behavioral

Review Of The Psychological Theories

Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive Behavioral, Humanistic/Existential/Phenomenological

Approach to Clinical Case Formulation

DSM-5, Clinical judgment, Diagnosis

Substance/Medication-Induced Mental Disorder

Symptomatic presentations due to physiological effects of substances

Independent Mental Disorders

Disturbance not substance-induced

Use of Other Specified and Unspecified Mental Disorders

Specifiers, Other Specified, Diagnostic Features

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Conditions with onset in the developmental period, manifest early in development

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Conditions involving impairments of social skills or intelligence that usually co-occur.

Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)

Characterized by deficits in adaptive functioning and intellectual functions like reasoning and problem solving.

Adaptive Functioning

Refers to how well a person meets community standards of personal independence and social responsibility compared to peers.

Global Developmental Delay

When individuals fail to meet expected developmental milestones in various areas of intellectual functioning.

Communication Disorders

Include deficits in speech, language, and communication, affecting verbal and non-verbal interactions.

Language Disorder

Involves difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities, leading to limitations in effective communication.

Speech Sound Disorder

Difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with speech intelligibility or verbal communication.

Childhood-onset Fluency Disorder

Disturbance in speech fluency patterns causing inappropriate speech disruptions and anxiety about speaking.

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

Difficulties in using communication for social purposes and understanding social cues, impacting social relationships.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, along with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

Specific Learning Disorder

Difficulties in learning and using academic skills, substantially below expected levels, causing interference with academic performance.

Specific Learning Disorder

Unexpected academic underachievement, not due to external factors, may affect one academic skill or domain, diagnosed after formal education starts.

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Impairment in motor skills affecting daily activities, awkward or slow movement execution, impacts handwriting competency.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Repetitive, purposeless motor behaviors like hand shaking, may result in self-injury, onset in early developmental period.

Tic Disorders

Tourette's disorder, persistent tic disorder, provisional tic disorder, simple and complex tics, criteria for different types of tic disorders.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Primary symptoms, phases of schizophrenia, delusions, hallucinations, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic disorder due to another medical condition, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder.

Unspecified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder

Symptoms causing distress/impairment but not meeting full criteria for schizophrenia, used when criteria aren't fully met.

Delusional Disorder

Presence of delusions without meeting Criterion A for schizophrenia, with less prominent hallucinations related to delusional theme, minimal impairment in functioning, and absence of bizarre behavior.

Specifiers

Additional categories like erotomaniac, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, and unspecified, with further distinctions such as bizarre content, implausibility, and different episodes or remission stages.

Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder

Characterized by social deficits, discomfort in relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions, and eccentric behavior, requiring at least 5 criteria including odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences, suspiciousness, and lack of close friends.

Note

"Premorbid" should be added if criteria are met before the onset of schizophrenia in both Delusional Disorder and Schizotypal Disorder.