Copy of Unit 7 Key Vocab.docx

What is Encoding in memory processing?

The process of getting information into your memory system, which must go through your senses.

What is Storage in the context of memory?

The ability to retain information that has been processed over a long period of time.

What is Retrieval in memory?

The process of getting information from storage, or remembering.

What is Sensory Memory?

A brief storage of information that you are unaware of processing, capturing what you see or hear.

What is Short Term Memory?

Memories that are not retained long-term and often discarded if not used.

How is Long Term Memory defined?

The storage of important information that is deemed valuable, with very few memories reaching this stage and no limit to capacity.

What is Episodic Memory?

Memories of personal moments or episodes from your life.

How does Semantic Memory work?

Refers to information and knowledge that you already know, similar to common knowledge.

What is Procedural Memory?

Memories of skills and actions that you have practiced enough to remember.

What is Automatic Processing?

The ability to perform tasks automatically, due to well-learned information.

What does Parallel Processing mean?

The ability to understand and remember something without effort while solving problems at the same time.

What is Effortful Processing in memory?

A process that requires conscious awareness and more effort to remember information.

What is Rehearsal in memory techniques?

The practice of repeating information over and over to help with memorization.

What does Ebbinghaus Curve describe?

The principle that you forget information over time, suggesting that when it's gone, it's gone.

What is the Serial Position Effect?

The phenomenon where you remember the last items on a list (recency effect) and the first items (primacy effect).

What is Visual Encoding?

Encoding that involves visual learning, often using imagery or mnemonics.

What is Acoustic Encoding?

Encoding that is based on the sound of information that you hear.

What is Semantic Encoding?

Encoding that gives meaning to information to enhance memory retention.

What is Iconic Memory?

A brief visual image stored in memory that is less likely to be remembered.

What is Echoic Memory?

A memory of auditory information stored quickly in the auditory system, being the first stage of memory.

What is Long Term Potentiation?

A process where the brain is actively engaged for a long period, potentially leading to mental exhaustion.

What is Flashbulb Memory?

An exceptionally vivid and detailed memory, often triggered by significant emotional events.

What is Implicit Memory?

The ability to recall learned information without much effort, also known as non-declarative memory.

What is Explicit Memory?

Memory that requires effort to recall, also referred to as declarative memory.

What is the role of the Hippocampus?

The part of the brain where memories become long-term and processes explicit memories in the limbic system.

What is Recall in memory?

The ability to retrieve learned information without any cues, like a fill-in-the-blank test.

What is Recognition in memory?

Identifying information when you come across it again, leading to remembering it.

What does Relearning entail?

The process of learning something again and measuring memory accuracy.

What is Priming in memory?

The act of associating related items to form a memory, like the smell of bread linked to a particular place.

What does Déjà vu refer to?

The sensation that you have already experienced what is currently happening.

What is State Dependent Memory?

The enhanced ability to retrieve memories when in the same state of mind as when the memory was formed.

What is Mood Congruent Memory?

The phenomenon where your current mood can affect how you remember past experiences.

What is Proactive Interference in memory?

When old information interferes with new learning, hindering the retention of new information.

What is Retroactive Interference?

When new information interferes with the ability to recall old information.

What is Repression in terms of memory?

The process of intentionally forgetting emotionally damaging memories.

What is Eyewitness Testimony?

Information recalled by individuals who witnessed an event, which can be subject to misinformation.

What is the Misinformation Effect?

When exposure to incorrect information alters the memory of an event.

What is Source Amnesia?

The inability to remember where or how you learned information, which can lead to falsely remembering events.

What is a Prototype in cognitive psychology?

A mental representation that associates common features with a category, like feathers and wings for birds.

What is an Algorithm in problem-solving?

A systematic, logical approach that uses strict methods or formulas to find a solution.

What is a Heuristic?

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that speeds up problem-solving, although it may increase error rate.

What is a Representative Heuristic?

A judgment based on stereotypes or prototypes that can lead to biases.

What is the Availability Heuristic?

Making judgments based on immediate examples that come to mind, which can sometimes be incorrect.

What is Insight in problem-solving?

The sudden realization or comprehension that arises unexpectedly, akin to a lightbulb moment.

What is Confirmation Bias?

The tendency to seek out information that confirms your existing beliefs while ignoring contrary evidence.

What is Fixation in cognitive processes?

An inability to perceive a problem from a new perspective, narrowing one's viewpoint.

What is a Mental Set?

A tendency to approach problems in a fixed way, often based on past successful methods.

What is Functional Fixedness?

A cognitive bias that limits a person's use of an object to its traditional function.

What is Overconfidence in cognition?

The tendency to overestimate one's knowledge, abilities, or judgment.

What is Belief Perseverance?

Holding on to beliefs strongly even after being presented with evidence that contradicts them.

What is Intuition?

An instinctive feeling or thought guiding decision-making without conscious reasoning.

What is a Phoneme in linguistics?

The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in speech.

What is a Morpheme?

The smallest grammatical unit in a language that conveys meaning.

What does Semantics refer to?

The study of meaning in language, indicating how different words can have various meanings.

What is Syntax?

The set of rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language.

What is Whorf’s Linguistic Determinism?

The theory that language influences thought and perception.

What is the Sunk Cost Fallacy?

The tendency to continue investing in a project or decision based on previously allocated resources rather than future value.

What is Executive Function?

Cognitive processes involved in planning, managing time, and controlling behavior.

What is the Gambler's Fallacy?

The mistaken belief that past events affect the probabilities in a random event, leading to erroneous betting behavior.

What does Baddley’s Model of Memory describe?

A framework explaining how short-term memory functions, emphasizing maintenance rehearsal.

What is the Central Executive in working memory?

The component that controls attention and coordinates information from different memory systems.

What is the Phonological Loop?

A part of working memory responsible for processing auditory information and language.

What is the Visual Spatial Sketchpad?

A component of working memory that manages visual imagery and spatial information.

What is Memory Consolidation?

The process through which short-term memories become long-term memories.

What is the Testing Effect?

The phenomenon where testing enhances memory retention and helps form long-term memories.

What is Imagination Inflation?

A cognitive bias where an imagined event is believed to have occurred, often due to overconfidence.