Lecture 1+2: Intro to Biology and Chemistry of Life

What is emergent properties?

a quality that only exists when parts come together, that the parts themselves do not have

What are some examples of emergent properties?

A diamond and carbon; they have similar chemical structure they have different geometric compounds that make them different

What is counter emergent properties?

when parts come together, the new combination has qualities that the parts did have

What are some examples of counter emergent properties?

sucrose is sweet, glucose is sweet, fructose is sweet

What is atomic number?

the total number of protons and electrons in its most neutral state

What is mass number?

sum of protons + neutrons in atoms nucleus

What is atomic mass?

the weighted average of the atomic mass of all natural isotopes of an element

What is an isotope?

different forms of the same element

What is an electron shell?

where electrons are found and the shells represent an energy level of electrons at a certain distance from the nucleus of an atom

What are the rules for electron shells?

1st shell takes up to 2 electrons, 2nd shell takes up to 8 electron, electron will spread out and form into pairs, and unpaired electrons like to bond

What is a valence shell?

the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in chemical rxn

What is valence electron?

an electron in the outermost electron shell

What is inert?

unreactive atom, the outermost electron shell is completely full or empty

What is reactive?

an atom that will react with other atoms because its outermost electron is only partially full

What is a chemical bond?

an attraction between atoms that results in atoms “completing their outer valence shells”

What is a covalent bond?

a strong chemical bond where atoms share one or more pairs of electron. Has two types Non polar covalent and polar covalent. More stronger than ionic bonds

What is a non polar covalent bond?

electrons shared equally and have similar electronegativity

What is a polar covalent bond?

electron share unequally atoms have different electronegativity

What is an ionic bond?

a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. One atoms rips an electron from another and they attract. Less stronger than covalent bonds but if they are solids they are stronger.

What is a neutron?

Have no electrical signal, is found in the nucleus of an atom, and is around 1 dalton

What is a proton?

have a single positive electrical charge, is found in the nucleus of an atom, and is around 1 dalton

What is a electron?

have a single negative electrical charge, moves around the nucleus of an atom, and is around 1/2000th of a dalton

What is hydrogen bonds?

the attraction between a hydrogen (in polar covalent bond) and an electronegative atom of another molecule. Represented by dotted line due to its instability

What is Van Der Waals Interactions?

The absolute weakest of bonds and they are brief attraction between temporarily charged regions of non polar covalent molecules. There will be moments where they create partial charges with attract one another