GSCE AQA History (Germany, Korea)

Weimar Republic

German government from 1919 to 1933.

Hyperinflation

Rapid and uncontrolled increase in prices

Dawes Plan (1924)

US-led plan to reschedule German reparations payments and provide loans to stabilise the economy.

Young Plan (1929)

Reduced German reparations and extended the payment period

Stresemann Era

Period of relative stability and prosperity in the Weimar Republic (1924-1929) under Gustav Stresemann.

Locarno Treaties (1925)

Agreements that guaranteed the borders of France

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

International agreement renouncing war as an instrument of national policy.

Article 48

Article in the Weimar Constitution allowing the President to rule by decree in an emergency

Reichstag Fire (1933)

Arson attack on the German parliament building

Enabling Act (1933)

Law that gave Hitler the power to make laws without the Reichstag's approval

Night of the Long Knives (1934)

Purge of Hitler's political opponents

Fuhrer

Title adopted by Hitler after the death of Hindenburg

SS (Schutzstaffel)

Hitler's elite protection squad

Gestapo

Nazi secret police

Propaganda

Information

Censorship

Suppression of speech

Nuremberg Laws (1935)

Anti-Jewish laws that stripped Jews of their German citizenship and forbade marriage/sexual relations between Jews and Germans.

Kristallnacht (1938)

"Night of Broken Glass" - state-sponsored pogrom against Jews across Germany

Final Solution

Nazi plan to systematically exterminate the Jews during World War II.

Autarky

Economic self-sufficiency

Lebensraum

Nazi ideology of "living space

Youth Movements (Nazi Germany)

Organisations like the Hitler Youth and League of German Girls

Churches (Nazi Germany)

Organisations like the Confessing Church which resisted Nazi control

Women (Nazi Germany)

Role was primarily to be mothers and homemakers

Workers (Nazi Germany)

Lost independent trade unions

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Meeting of Allied leaders to discuss post-war Germany and Europe.

Iron Curtain

Term coined by Winston Churchill describing the division between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe.

Bizonia

The merged American and British zones of occupation in Germany after WWII.

Trizonia

The merged American

Berlin Blockade (1948-49)

Soviet attempt to cut off all land and rail access to West Berlin

Berlin Airlift (1948-49)

Western Allied operation to supply West Berlin by air during the Soviet blockade.

Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)

West Germany

German Democratic Republic (GDR)

East Germany

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Western military alliance formed in 1949 to counter Soviet expansion.

Warsaw Pact (1955)

Military alliance of communist states in Eastern Europe

Berlin Wall (1961)

Barrier constructed by East Germany to prevent its citizens from fleeing to West Berlin

Adenauer

Konrad Adenauer

Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)

Soviet-led economic organisation for communist states

Truman Doctrine (1947)

US policy of providing economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism.

Marshall Plan (1947)

US programme providing economic aid to rebuild Western European economies after WWII

UN Security Council

The primary UN body responsible for maintaining international peace and security

38th Parallel

The line of latitude dividing North and South Korea.

Kim Il Sung

Communist leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994.

Syngman Rhee

First President of South Korea

DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)

Official name of North Korea.

ROK (Republic of Korea)

Official name of South Korea.

Invasion of South Korea (1950)

North Korean attack across the 38th Parallel

UN Intervention (Korea)

United Nations forces

Pusan Perimeter

Area in southeast Korea where UN and South Korean forces made a desperate stand against the North Korean advance.

Inchon Landing (1950)

Amphibious invasion by UN forces led by MacArthur behind North Korean lines

Chinese Intervention (Korea)

China entered the Korean War in late 1950

Limited War

A war in which the objectives are less than the total defeat of the enemy

MacArthur

General Douglas MacArthur

Stalemate (Korean War)

The prolonged period of deadlock in the Korean War from mid-1951 to 1953

Armistice (1953)

Agreement signed to end the fighting in the Korean War

DMZ (Demilitarised Zone)

A buffer zone between North and South Korea

Consequences of Korean War for USA

Increased military spending

Consequences of Korean War for Korea

Massive destruction

Consequences of Korean War for UN

Showed the UN could act to maintain peace

Domino Theory

US foreign policy theory that if one country in a region came under communist control

Containment

US foreign policy strategy to prevent the spread of communism abroad.

United Nations

International organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace and cooperation.

Cold War

A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (USA and allies) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and allies).

NATO's role in the Cold War

To deter Soviet aggression and provide collective security for Western Europe and North America.

Warsaw Pact's role in the Cold War

To counter NATO and maintain Soviet control over Eastern European satellite states.

Economic Miracle (West Germany)

Rapid economic reconstruction and development in West Germany after WWII.

Rearmament of West Germany

Decision in the 1950s to allow West Germany to rebuild its military

Hallstein Doctrine

West German foreign policy of not recognising states that recognised East Germany.

Ostpolitik

West German policy of improving relations with Eastern Bloc countries

Gorbachev's New Thinking

Soviet policies of 'Glasnost' (openness) and 'Perestroika' (restructuring) in the late 1980s

Fall of Berlin Wall (1989)

The breaching of the Berlin Wall by East German citizens

German Reunification (1990)

The process by which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany).

Impact of Reunification on Germany

Economic challenges in the East

Weimar Constitution

The democratic constitution of Germany from 1919 to 1933

Kapp Putsch (1920)

An attempted coup by right-wing Freikorps in Germany

Ruhr Occupation (1923)

French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr industrial region in response to Germany defaulting on reparations payments.

Gustav Stresemann

Key politician during the Weimar Republic

Volksgemeinschaft

The Nazi concept of a "people's community

The White Rose Group

A non-violent intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany

Edelweiss Pirates

Loosely organised youth groups in Nazi Germany who resisted the Hitler Youth and Nazi regime in their own ways.

The July Plot (1944)

An unsuccessful attempt by a group of German army officers to assassinate Hitler.

Proportional Representation

Electoral system used in the Weimar Republic

Reichsmark

The new currency introduced in Germany in 1924

Great Depression's impact on Germany

Led to mass unemployment

Dolfuss Affair (1934)

Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss was assassinated by Austrian Nazis

Sudetenland

German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia

Anschluss (1938)

The annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany.

Munich Agreement (1938)

Agreement allowing Germany to annex the Sudetenland

Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)

Non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union

Invasion of Poland (1939)

German invasion of Poland

Potsdam Declaration (1945)

Statement issued by the Allies during the Potsdam Conference

Soviets' motivations in Berlin Blockade

To prevent the establishment of a separate West German state and to gain control over all of Berlin.

US motivations in Berlin Airlift

To demonstrate commitment to West Berlin and to prevent the spread of communism without resorting to direct military conflict.

Willy Brandt

West German Chancellor who initiated Ostpolitik

Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev

Reunification Treaty (1990)

Treaty formally uniting East and West Germany.

Challenges of German reunification

Economic disparities

Benefits of German reunification

End of division

Causes of the Korean War

Division of Korea

Role of UN in Korea

Legitimised the intervention against North Korea