POUL 3000 Anatomy

Why is basic anatomical terminology important

increases precision and reduces ambiguity

What are the 5 kinds of anatomical positioning

1. Standard anatomical positioning

2. Prone Position

3. Supine Position

4. RLR

5. LRL

What is the prone position

lying on ventral surface

what is supine position

lying on dorsal surface

what is right lateral recumbent

lying on right side

what is left lateral recumbent

lying on left side

what is standard anatomical position

it is standing upright and normal

what are anatomical planes

imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body or organs into defined areas

what is the median or mid-sagittal plane

it cuts the body into equal left and right

what is the sagittal plane

it cuts the body into left and right

what is the transverse plane

cuts the body into top and bottom in a human

cuts the body into head and butt in a quadraped

what is the frontal/coronal/dorsal plane

it cuts the body into ventral and dorsal

what is superior vs. inferior

superior: above or higher than another part of the body

inferior: below or lower than another part of the body

what is cranial vs caudal

cranial: towards the head

caudal: towards the tail

what is anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal)

anterior/ventral: towards the front/stomach

posterior/dorsa;: towards the back

what is medial vs lateral

medial: toward the midline

lateral: away from the midline

what is proximal vs distal

this refers to limbs only

proximal: towards the point of attachment

distal: away from the point of attachment

what is rostral

towards the nose

what does the dorsal body cavity contain

cranial and vertebral cavity

what does the cranial cavity contain

brain

what does the vertebral cavity contain

spinal cord

what does the ventral body cavity contain

1. thoracic cavity

2. abdominal cavity

3. pelvic cavity

what does the thoracic cavity contain

heart and lungs

what does the abdominal cavity contains

digestive viscera

what does the pelvic cavity contain

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

what is 1

superior larynx

what is 2

esophagus

what is 3

trachea

what is 4

crop - temporarily store food, can add mucous here

what is 5

heart

what is 6

proventriculus - houses digestive glands that secrete HCl and pepsin to initiate protein digestion (chemical digestion)

what is 7

gall bladder

what is 8

spleen

what is 9

liver

what is 10

gizzard - mechanical breakdown and grinding of food

what is 11

pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes

what is 12

duodenal loop - receives greenish bile from the gallbladder to emulsify and breakdown fatty food

what is 13

small intestine - primary site of nutrient absorption

what is 14

mesentery

what is 15

large intestine - absorbs water

what is 16

cloaca

what is 17

oviduct

what is 18

kidney

what is 19

ovary

what is 20

ceca - bacteria that ferment fibers and other hard to digest materials, absorbs remaining water

what is 21

lungs

what is 22

bronchial tubes

what is 1

ovary

what is 2

oviduct

what is 3

infundibulum - catches the oocyte and is site of fertilization as well

what is 4

magnum - where albumen is deposited

what is 5

isthmus - inner and outer shell membranes are formed

what is 6

uterus or shell gland - longest amount of time, shell pigmentation, waxy cuticle layer

what is 7

vagina - where hens can store viable sperm for up to two weeks

what is 8

cloaca

what is 9

large intestine

what is 1

ovary

what is 2

infundibulum

what is 3

magnum

what is 4

isthmus

what is 5

shell gland or uterus

what is 6

vagina

what is 7

vent

what is 1

esophagus

what is the little protrusion coming off the small intestine

Meckel’s Diverticulum

what is 2

jejunum

what is 3

ileum

what is 4

large intestine

what is 5

ceca

what is 6

cloaca or vent

what is 7

duodenum

what is 8

pancreas

what is 9

gizzard

what is 10

proventriculus

what is 11

gallbladder

what is 12

liver

what is 13

crop

what are three differences of the avian respiratory system vs mammals

• they don’t have a diaphragm

• there is unidirectional airflow

• abdominal muscles expand and contract air sacs

what are 3 things that make the avian respiratory system efficient

• supports metabolic rate

• allows gas exchange and breathing at high elevations

• inhalant anesthetics are effectively transferred

how do humans breathe

mammals inhale by moving the diaphragm to lower the air pressure in the chest cavity and pull air into the lungs

how do birds breathe

birds have air sacs that store and pump air through the stationary lungs and air flows in only one direction

how many air sacs do birds have

9 - clavicular, cervical (2), anterior (2), posterior (2), abdominal (2)

what are the components of the avian circulatory system

• 4 chambered heart

• blood vessels

  • arteries/arterioles

  • capillary beds

  • venules/veins

where do you collect blood from

vein because they have a lower pressure

where do you listen for a heartbeat

artery - higher blood pressure

where do you perform euthanasia

vein - blood goes to heart and gets distributed to the rest

in birds what two structures are used for respiration

abdominal muscles and air sacs

arteries carry what kind of blood from ____ to _____

oxygen-rich from lungs to tissues

veins carry what kind of blood from ____ to _____

oxygen-poor from tissues to lungs

what are the two veins you can collect blood from on a bird

brachial vein, medial metatarsal vein