Health Exam - The Human Body

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Skeletal System

The skeleton is the internal framework of the human body.

Bones

The skeleton is composed of 270 bones at birth and decreased to approximately 206 by adulthood as some fuse together.

What are all the bones in the legs?

• Femur

• Fibula

• Tibia

• Patella

• Phalanges

• Tarsus

• Metatarsus

What are all the bones in the arms?

• Radius

• Ulna

• Humerus

• Scapula

• Carpals

• Metacarpals

• Phalanges

What are all the bones in the upper body?

• Clavicle

• Sternum

• Scapula

• Ribs

• Vertebrae

• Cranium

• Mandible

• Pelvis

Functions of the skeletal system?

• Allows movement

• Shape and protection

• Mineral storage

• Production of blood cells

Allows Movement

The skeleton allows movement in the body as the bones provide surfaces for the attachment of muscle. Bones allow muscles to pull on them to produce movement.

Shape and Protection

The skeleton give the correct shape to the body. Bones also protect the internal organs and reduces the risk of injury on impact.

Mineral Storage

Bones store minerals such as calcium, potassium, iron and phosphorus. Minerals will be released into the blood when the body needs it.

Production of blood cells

Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow which is located in the center of most bones.

Red blood cells

They carry oxygen to muscles and are red in colour due to haemoglobin which is a protein containing iron. Production is very high during growth years and decreases with age.

White blood cells

Fight infection in the body

Muscular system

The muscular system is an organ system consisting of approximately 600 muscles.

What are the muscles in the upper body?

• Pectoralis Major

• Deltoid

• Trapezius

• Biceps Brachii

• Triceps Brachii

• Rectus Abdominis

• Obliques

• Latissimus Dorsi

What are the muscles in the arms?

• Biceps Brachii

• Triceps Brachii

• Brachialis

• Brachioradialis

• Flexor muscles

• Extensor muscles

What are the muscles in the legs?

• Quadriceps

• Hamstrings

• Calf muscles

• Gluteus Maximus

• Adductors

• Soleus

• Tibialis anterior

• Abductors

Functions of the muscular system?

• Create movement

• Posture

• Heat production

Create movement

Muscles are responsible for the movement we make as they pull on the bones to create movement.

Posture

Skeletal muscles provide the force needed to stabilise the body as their flexibility and strength are key to maintaining proper posture.

Heat production

When muscles contract they create movement and generate heat. The heat they produce is vital for maintaining body temperature.

Musculoskeletal system

This refers to the bones, ligaments, tendons, and skeletal muscles. The collaboration between the skeletal and muscular systems gives the body its ability to move.

Ligaments

They are fibrous tissue that connect bone to bone. They also provide stability at the joint where the movement occurs.

Tendons

Tendons are tough bands that connect muscle to bones. When muscles contract and pull on the bones, it creates movement.

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle between the bones at a joint.

Extension

A movement that increases the angle between the bones at a joint

Reciprocal inhibition

It is where skeletal muscles work in pairs to enable movement where one muscle contracts and its pair relaxes. The agonist describes the muscle that contracts whereas the antagonist describes the muscle that relaxes.

Reciprocal inhibition example

Bicep curl:

Tricep is relaxing and extending and acts as the antagonist. While the bicep contracts and shortens, thus acting as the agonist.

Now the bicep acts as the antagonist as it relaxes while the tricep contracts and therefore acting as the agonist.

Cardiovascular system

Also known as the circulatory system, it consists of the heart and blood vessels working together to transport gases and nutrients around the body.

Functions of the cardiovascular system?

• circulates blood around the body

• transport oxygen and nutrients to cells

• transports wastes (carbon dioxide) away from cells

• maintains stable body temperature

Blood vessels

Types of blood vessels include:

• arteries

• capillaries

• vien

Arteries

They generally carry oxygen rich blood and always transport blood away from the heart to the body. They have elastic walls so they can expand to accomodate more volume.

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta and on to the rest of the body.

Capillaries

They are the smallest blood vessel. They are also the site where nutrients and waste are exchanged between the blood and the body cells. The exchange is extremely fast because of the thin capillary walls.

Veins

They generally transport deoxygenated blood and travel from the body back to the heart. They also have thin walls and are not as elastic as the arteries.

Viens - blood transportation

Viens rely on skeletal muscles contracting to transport blood back to the heart. One way valves also prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction.

The heart

The heart is a pump designed to push blood through the cardiovascular system. It is located slightly left of the chest and is protected by the ribcage.

Heart structure

When looking at the heart, the left and right sides are opposite. There are 4 chambers; 2 atria and 2 ventricles. The septum divides the heart into two sides. Left has oxygenated blood for the body and the right has deoxygenated blood that travels for the lungs for the removal of carbon dioxide.

pathway of blood 1

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava

pathway of blood 2

Blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

pathway of blood 3

The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. A valve between the atrium and ventricle closes to prevent blood from moving in the wrong direction.

pathway of blood 4

At the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and oxygen is added. This is called a gas exchange.

pathway of blood 5

Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium.

pathway of blood 6

Blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle. A valve between the atrium and ventricle opens to allow blood to move into the ventricle.

pathway of blood 7

The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to the body. A valve between the aorta and ventricle closes to prevent blood from moving in the wrong direction.

pathway of blood 8

Oxygenated blood is transported around the body delivering oxygen and nutrients to the bodies cells and collecting waste. Another gas exchange.

pathway of blood 9

The blood is now deoxygenated and begins its journey back to the heart via the veins.

pathway of blood 10

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava.

The respiratory system

It includes the nose, mouth, throat, voicebox, windpipe and lungs. It os also specialised for gas exchange.

Functions of the respiratory system?

• brings air from the atmosphere into the lungs

• transfers oxygen from the air into the blood

• removes carbon dioxide from the blood

• expels heat in the air exhaled

• allows the vocal cords to create speech as air is exhaled

The lungs

The lungs are located in the chest cavity behind the ribs and are the major organ of the respiratory system. They also allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body while also letting the body get rid of carbon dioxide.

Alveoli

They are tiny air sacs within the lungs and are also the site where the lunds and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing.

Diaphragm

It is a muscle of the respiratory system and helps to inhale and exhale.

Breathing

Is the process of taking air into and expelling it from the lungs. It is broken into two phases; inspiration and expiration.

Concentration

Breathing relies on the tendency for air particles to naturally move from the areas where there is a high amount of them (high pressure) to areas where there is a lower amount of them (low pressure).

Inspiration

Also known as inhalation is the process where air is drawn into the lungs. The diaphragm contracts → moving downwards while the muscles between ribs (intercostal muscles) contract, increasing the size of the chest cavity. The pressure in the lungs decrease and air is drawn into the lungs as gases move from high to low pressure areas.

Expiration

Also known as exhalation, is the process where air is expelled from the lungs. The diaphragm relaxes → moving upwards while the muscles between the ribs (intercostal muscles) relax, decreasing teh size of the chest cavity. Air is forced out of the lungs as gases move from high to low pressure ares.