Module 11: Globalization and Comparative Politics

What is globalization?

_______ is the increased and intensified linkages between states, societies, and economies that challenge the institutions, assumptions, and norms of states

What are the three main types of globalization?

Political, Economic, and Social globalization

What is a Multi-national Corporation (MNC)?

A firm that produces, distributes, and markets its goods or services in more than one country (e.g., Apple, General Electric)

What is a Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)?

A national or international group, independent of any state, that pursues policy objectives and fosters public participation (e.g., Red Cross, Greenpeace)

What is an Intergovernmental Organization (IGO)?

An organization created by states to serve particular policy goals (e.g., United Nations, NATO, WTO)

What is one key difference between MNCs, IGOs, and NGOs?

MNCs are for-profit businesses operating across countries, IGOs are formed by governments for cooperative purposes, and NGOs are non-state actors focused on social or political causes

What are the pros of political globalization?

It can promote liberal peace, transparency, and reduce corruption through international norms and oversight

What are the cons of political globalization?

It may undermine national sovereignty (each state is an independent entity and has the power to govern itself without external interference), empower violent non-state actors, and reduce democratic accountability (e.g., “democratic deficit” in the EU)

What are the pros of economic globalization?

It has allowed millions to escape poverty (especially in Asia), increased access to capital, and encouraged investment through mechanisms like FDI and outsourcing

What are the cons of economic globalization?

It has led to rising inequality, labor exploitation, and weakened state control in favor of powerful MNCs

What are the pros of social globalization?

It can foster cosmopolitanism, spread democratic values, and enhance global civil society and connections

What are the cons of social globalization?

It may erode local cultures, promote hyper-nationalism or xenophobia, and disconnect people from their communities ("globalization of nothing")