Looking at daily life in ancient Rome

preface (count noun), /ˈprefəs/ → an introduction at the beginning of a book. Example: The author explains his purpose in the preface.

lời nói đầu

the scope of (noun phrase), /ðə skəʊp əv/ → the range or limits of something. Example: The study is beyond the scope of this book.

phạm vi của.

defined time (noun phrase), /dɪˈfaɪnd taɪm/ → a specific period of time with clear limits. Example: The experiment was conducted over a defined time.

khoảng thời gian xác định.

turn something upside down (phrase), /tɜːn ˈsʌmθɪŋ ʌpsaɪd daʊn/ → to completely change or disrupt something. Example: The discovery turned our understanding upside down.

đảo lộn hoàn toàn.

aeroplane (count noun), /ˈeərəpleɪn/ → a flying vehicle with wings and engines. Example: The aeroplane took off on time.

máy bay.

the elementary forms (noun phrase), /ði ˌelɪˈmentri fɔːmz/ → the simplest or most basic forms of something. Example: Students first learn the elementary forms of geometry.

những dạng cơ bản.

be subject to (phrase), /bi ˈsʌbdʒɪkt tuː/ → to be affected by or exposed to something. Example: The area is subject to heavy rainfall.

bị ảnh hưởng bởi.

be introduced into (phrase), /bi ˌɪntrəˈdjuːst ˈɪntuː/ → to be brought into a place, system, or situation for the first time. Example: New methods were introduced into the education system.

được đưa vào.

operative (adjective), /ˈɒpərətɪv/ → working or having an effect. Example: The new law is now operative.

có hiệu lực

antiquity (uncount noun), /ænˈtɪkwəti/ → ancient times, especially before the Middle Ages. Example: This tradition dates back to antiquity.

thời cổ đại.

no commonplace between A and B (phrase), /nəʊ ˈkɒmənpleɪs bɪˈtwiːn/ → no common point or connection between two things. Example: There was no commonplace between the two cultures.

không có điểm chung giữa A và B.

Roman rhetoric (uncount noun), /ˈrəʊmən ˈretərɪk/ → the art of effective speaking and writing in ancient Rome. Example: Roman rhetoric influenced later writers.

thuật hùng biện La Mã.

contrast A with B (phrase), /kənˈtrɑːst/ → to compare two things to show their differences. Example: The writer contrasts city life with rural life.

đối chiếu A với B.

crude (adjective), /kruːd/ → simple and not developed or refined. Example: Early tools were crude but useful.

thô sơ.

simplicity (uncount noun), /sɪmˈplɪsəti/ → the quality of being simple and easy to understand. Example: I like the simplicity of the design.

sự đơn giản.

refinement (uncount noun), /rɪˈfaɪnmənt/ → the quality of being elegant, developed, or improved. Example: The design shows great refinement.

sự tinh tế

imperial times (plural noun), /ɪmˈpɪəriəl taɪmz/ → the period when an empire was ruled by an emperor. Example: The city grew rapidly during imperial times.

thời kỳ đế quốc.

common measure (count noun), /ˌkɒmən ˈmeʒə(r)/ → a standard way of measuring or comparing things. Example: Money is a common measure of economic activity.

thước đo chung.

necessarily (adverb), /ˈnesəsərəli/ → in a way that must be true or happen. Example: More money does not necessarily mean more happiness.

nhất thiết

confine oneself to + V-ing / noun (phrase), /kənˈfaɪn wʌnˈself tuː/ → to limit oneself to something. Example: The study confines itself to examining one period.

chỉ giới hạn ở.

the reign of (noun phrase), /ðə reɪn əv/ → the period when a king or queen rules. Example: The city flourished during the reign of Augustus.

triều đại của.

Roman Empire (proper noun), /ˌrəʊmən ˈempaɪə(r)/ → the empire ruled by Rome in ancient times. Example: Britain was once part of the Roman Empire.

Đế chế La Mã.

prosperous (adjective), /ˈprɒspərəs/ → rich and successful. Example: The city became prosperous through trade.

thịnh vượng.

be witness to something (phrase), /bi ˈwɪtnəs tuː/ → to see something happen. Example: The city was witness to many historical events.

nhân chứng .

conquest (count noun), /ˈkɒŋkwest/ → the act of taking control of a place by force. Example: The conquest of the region took several years.

cuộc chinh phục.

mineral wealth (uncount noun), /ˈmɪnərəl welθ/ → valuable minerals found in a country or area. Example: The country is rich in mineral wealth.

nguồn tài nguyên khoáng sản.

the riches (plural noun), /ˈrɪtʃɪz/ → valuable possessions, resources, or wealth. Example: The empire gained enormous riches from its territories.

của cải, sự giàu có

bring something flooding/flowing into (phrase), /brɪŋ ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈflʌdɪŋ/ˈfləʊɪŋ ˈɪntuː/ → to cause a large amount of something to enter quickly. Example: The discovery brought wealth flooding into the region.

đưa một lượng lớn … vào.

the material domain (noun phrase), /ðə məˈtɪəriəl dəˈmeɪn/ → the area of physical things and material wealth. Example: Success in the material domain does not guarantee happiness.

lĩnh vực vật chất.

attain the pinnacle of (phrase), /əˈteɪn ðə ˈpɪnəkl əv/ → to reach the highest level of something. Example: He attained the pinnacle of his career.

đạt đến đỉnh cao của.

fortunate coincidence (count noun), /ˈfɔːtʃənət kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns/ → a lucky event in which two things happen at the same time. Example: By a fortunate coincidence, we met again.

sự trùng hợp may mắn.

all the more fortunate (phrase), /ɔːl ðə mɔː ˈfɔːtʃənət/ → even luckier or more fortunate because of something. Example: It was all the more fortunate that nobody was hurt.

càng may mắn hơn.

run dry (phrasal verb), /rʌn draɪ/ → to use up all of a liquid or resource. Example: The river may run dry during the summer.

cạn kiệt.

a profusion of (noun phrase), /ə prəˈfjuːʒən əv/ → a large amount or number of something. Example: The garden contains a profusion of colourful flowers.

rất nhiều của

picturesque (adjective), /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/ → attractive like a picture, especially because of natural beauty. Example: We stayed in a picturesque village.

đẹp như tranh.

vivid (adjective), /ˈvɪvɪd/ → very clear, detailed, and easy to imagine. Example: She has vivid memories of her childhood.

sống động

precise (adjective), /prɪˈsaɪs/ → exact and accurate. Example: The report provides precise information.

chính xác

the ruins of (noun phrase), /ðə ˈruːɪnz əv/ → the remains of a destroyed or damaged building or city. Example: We explored the ruins of an ancient city.

tàn tích của.

eruption (count noun), /ɪˈrʌpʃn/ → an occasion when a volcano suddenly sends out lava, ash, or gas. Example: The eruption destroyed several villages.

vụ phun trào.

an immense fund of something (noun phrase), /ən ɪˈmens fʌnd əv/ → a very large amount of something, especially knowledge or information. Example: The library contains an immense fund of knowledge.

kho tàng khổng lồ về.

excavation (count noun), /ˌekskəˈveɪʃn/ → the process of digging to find old objects or structures. Example: The excavation revealed ancient buildings.

cuộc khai quật.

date from (phrasal verb), /deɪt frəm/ → to have existed since a particular time. Example: The temple dates from the 12th century.

có niên đại từ.

in the main (phrase), /ɪn ðə meɪn/ → generally or mostly. Example: The population is in the main rural.

nhìn chung, phần lớn.

a realization of (noun phrase), /ə ˌriːəlaɪˈzeɪʃn əv/ → the achievement or actual form of an idea. Example: The building is a realization of the architect's vision.

sự hiện thực hóa của.

Fortune (proper noun), /ˈfɔːtʃuːn/ → a force believed to control events and people's luck. Example: Fortune seemed to favour him.

thần May mắn, vận mệnh.

favour (uncount noun), /ˈfeɪvə(r)/ → support or approval for someone or something. Example: The policy gained public favour.

sự ưu ái.

historian (count noun), /hɪˈstɔːriən/ → a person who studies or writes about history. Example: The historian examined ancient documents.

nhà sử học.

consistency (uncount noun), /kənˈsɪstənsi/ → the quality of being the same or staying unchanged. Example: The writer's argument lacks consistency.

tính nhất quán.

isolate (verb), /ˈaɪsəleɪt/ → to separate someone or something from others. Example: The village was isolated from the outside world.

cô lập

country cottage (count noun), /ˌkʌntri ˈkɒtɪdʒ/ → a small house in the countryside. Example: They bought a country cottage.

nhà nhỏ ở nông thôn.

rural existence (uncount noun), /ˈrʊərəl ɪɡˈzɪstəns/ → life in the countryside. Example: He preferred a quiet rural existence.

cuộc sống nông thôn.

the excitement of (noun phrase), /ði ɪkˈsaɪtmənt əv/ → the feeling of being very interested and enthusiastic about something. Example: He enjoyed the excitement of city life.

sự hào hứng, phấn khích về.

a gulf between A and B (noun phrase), /ə ɡʌlf bɪˈtwiːn/ → a very large difference between two things or groups. Example: There is a gulf between rich and poor.

khoảng cách lớn giữa A và B.

separate something from something (phrase), /ˈsepəreɪt/ → to keep two things apart. Example: The wall separates the garden from the road.

tách A khỏi B.

townsman (count noun), /ˈtaʊnzmən/ → a man who lives in a town or city. Example: The townsman had little experience of farming.

người dân thành thị.

peasant (count noun), /ˈpezənt/ → a poor farmer who works on a small piece of land. Example: Most peasants lived in small villages.

nông dân.

pit someone against someone (phrase), /pɪt ˈsʌmwʌn əˈɡenst ˈsʌmwʌn/ → to make two people or groups compete or fight against each other. Example: The competition pitted two strong teams against each other.

khiến ai đối đầu với ai.

a fierce struggle (count noun), /ə fɪəs ˈstrʌɡl/ → a very difficult and intense fight or effort. Example: They faced a fierce struggle for power.

cuộc đấu tranh quyết liệt.

pierce (verb), /pɪəs/ → to make a hole through something with a sharp object. Example: The arrow pierced the target.

đâm xuyên

privileged classes (plural noun), /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒd ˈklɑːsɪz/ → groups of people who have more advantages and rights than others. Example: The privileged classes controlled much of the wealth.

các tầng lớp đặc quyền.

force (uncount noun), /fɔːs/ → military power or strength used to achieve something. Example: The army used force to control the territory.

lực lượng, sức mạnh

invade (verb), /ɪnˈveɪd/ → to enter a country by force to take control of it. Example: The army invaded the neighbouring country.

xâm lược.

territory (count noun), /ˈterətri/ → an area of land controlled by a country or group. Example: The army entered enemy territory.

lãnh thổ.

alongside (preposition/adverb), /əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd/ → next to or together with someone or something. Example: The old building stands alongside the river.

bên cạnh, sát cánh

know/do nothing but + noun/verb (phrase), /nəʊ ˈnʌθɪŋ bət/ → to do only one thing and nothing else. Example: He did nothing but complain.

không làm gì ngoài việc.

the liveliness of (noun phrase), /ðə ˈlaɪvlinəs əv/ → the quality of being energetic, active, and full of life. Example: I love the liveliness of the city.

sự sôi động của.

magnificence (uncount noun), /mæɡˈnɪfɪsns/ → great beauty, size, or impressive appearance. Example: Visitors admired the magnificence of the palace.

vẻ tráng lệ

public spectacle (plural noun), /ˈpʌblɪk ˈspektəklz/ → large public events designed to entertain or impress people. Example: Gladiator fights were popular public spectacles.

màn trình diễn công cộng.

blend something into something (phrase), /blend ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈɪntuː ˈsʌmθɪŋ/ → to mix something with something else so they become part of one whole. Example: The designer blended modern features into the traditional style.

hòa trộn A vào B.

dissimilar (adjective), /dɪˈsɪmɪlə(r)/ → not similar; different. Example: The two cultures are quite dissimilar.

khác biệt

day by day (phrase), /deɪ baɪ deɪ/ → gradually as each day passes. Example: His health improved day by day.

ngày qua ngày.

Roman subjects (plural noun), /ˈrəʊmən ˈsʌbdʒɪkts/ → people living under the rule of the Roman Empire. Example: Roman subjects had to obey imperial laws.

thần dân La Mã.

exclusively (adverb), /ɪkˈskluːsɪvli/ → only and not including anything else. Example: The building was used exclusively for religious purposes.

chỉ, hoàn toàn.

regard something as (phrase), /rɪˈɡɑːd ˈsʌmθɪŋ æz/ → to consider something to be a particular thing. Example: They regard the city as a cultural centre.

coi cái gì là.

the hub of the universe (noun phrase), /ðə hʌb əv ðə ˈjuːnɪvɜːs/ → the most important or central place in the world. Example: They believed their city was the hub of the universe.

trung tâm của vũ trụ.

ruler (count noun), /ˈruːlə(r)/ → a person who controls a country or empire. Example: The ruler built a large palace.

người cai trị.

pacify (verb), /ˈpæsɪfaɪ/ → to make someone or a group peaceful or less angry. Example: The government tried to pacify the rebels.

xoa dịu

free oneself from something (phrase), /friː wʌnˈself frəm/ → to escape from something that controls or limits you. Example: He wanted to free himself from social expectations.

giải thoát bản thân khỏi.

misconception (plural noun), /ˌmɪskənˈsepʃənz/ → incorrect ideas or beliefs about something. Example: The book aims to correct common misconceptions.

quan niệm sai lầm.

concern something (verb), /kənˈsɜːn/ → to relate to or be about something. Example: The article concerns the history of Rome.

liên quan đến.

seek to + V (phrase), /siːk tuː/ → to try to do something. Example: The study seeks to explain this phenomenon.

cố gắng làm gì.

reconstruct (verb), /ˌriːkənˈstrʌkt/ → to rebuild or recreate something based on available evidence. Example: Historians tried to reconstruct ancient life.

tái dựng

the social milieu (noun phrase), /ðə ˈsəʊʃl miːˈljɜː/ → the social environment in which people live. Example: The novel reflects the social milieu of the period.

môi trường xã hội.

be governed (verb phrase), /bi ˈɡʌvənd/ → to be controlled or ruled by a government or system. Example: The region was governed by a local ruler.

được cai trị

investigate (verb), /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/ → to examine something carefully to discover facts. Example: Historians investigated the causes of the war.

điều tra

moral background (noun phrase), /ˈmɒrəl ˈbækɡraʊnd/ → the moral ideas and values behind a person or society. Example: The story reflects the moral background of its time.

nền tảng đạo đức.

sentiment (count noun/uncount noun), /ˈsentɪmənt/ → a feeling or attitude about something. Example: Public sentiment towards the ruler changed.

tình cảm

weakness (count noun/uncount noun), /ˈwiːknəs/ → a lack of strength or an imperfect quality. Example: One weakness of the argument is its lack of evidence.

điểm yếu

employ one's time (phrase), /ɪmˈplɔɪ wʌnz taɪm/ → to spend one's time doing something. Example: He employed his time studying ancient history.

dành thời gian.

satisfactorily (adverb), /ˌsætɪsˈfæktərəli/ → in a way that is good enough or meets expectations. Example: The problem was solved satisfactorily.

một cách thỏa đáng.

plot out (phrasal verb), /plɒt aʊt/ → to plan or arrange something carefully. Example: They plotted out the development of the city.

vạch ra.

framework (count noun), /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ → a basic structure or system used to organize something. Example: The theory provides a useful framework for understanding society.

khuôn khổ

more or less unintelligible (adjective phrase), /mɔːr ɔː les ˌʌnɪnˈtelɪdʒəbl/ → almost impossible to understand. Example: His handwriting was more or less unintelligible.

gần như không thể hiểu được.