1600s-1700s: Absolutism

age of absolutism

when nations were ruled by absolute monarchs

absolute monarchs

total control over nations they ruled

divine right

God gave them the power to rule

important absolute monarchs

• peter the great

• louis XIV (14th)

• philip II

• henry VIII (8th)

• suleiman the magnificent

peter the great

absolute monarch of russia

• westernized russia

louis XIV

absolute monarch of france

• sun king/ says i am the state

• built palace of versailles

philip II

absolute monarch of spain

henry VIII

absolute monarch of england

• wanted to break free from roman catholic church b/c catherine of aragon couldnt bear a male heir

• used the protestant reformation to do so

• creates the christian church of england with himself as head

suleiman the magnificent

absolute monarch of ottoman empire

• allowed religious toleration

which monarchs helped to expand their territory by taking over neighboring lands?

• peter the great

• louis XIV

• suleiman the magnificent

during the age of absolutism, what dynasty was spain under

hapsburg

charles V

holy roman emperor + king of spain

• split it up between his brother ferdinand and his son philip II

• ferdinand = holy roman empire

• philip II = spain

battle between catholic and protestant

• notably between..?

many monarchs fought to suppress protestantism and keep catholicism

• VERY EXPENSIVE!!

catholic spain vs. protestant england

spanish armada

the spanish fleet that philip II sent to invade england

• overthrow queen elizabeth and restore catholicism!!

• storms made it go down…..

siglo de oro

spanish golden age

el greco

great painter in spain

miguel de cervantes

writer

• wrote don quixote

intendant

royal officials who worked for king

levee

when nobles would attend to king louis XIV when he got out of bed

balance of power

qhwn nations would form alliances and keep each other in check so one would not become too strong

huguenots

french protestants

st bartholomews day massacre

slaughter of hueguenots

henry IV

first bourbon king

• used to be a huguenot, converted to catholicism to become the king

• made the edict of nantes (let huguenots live without getting attacked)

louis XIII (13th)

son of henry IV

• relied on cardinal richlilieu to do everything

cardinal richelieu

weakened nobles + huguenots

strenghted monarchy

louis XIV (14th)

sun king (epitome of absolute power)

• built palace of versailles

• revoked edict of nantes

cardinal mazarin

successor of cardinal richelieu and helped louis XIV

what was the palace of versailles for

to control the nobility

jean-baptiste colbert

finance minister for louis XIV

• mercantilism!!

mercantilism

export more than import

• colonies!!

french and indian war: what is it and what was its other name

seven years war

britain + its colonies vs. france + native americans

• fought for ohio river valley

• reallly expensive → heavy taxes on colonies

outcome of the french and indian war/seven years war

american revolution, since britain imposed heavy taxes on its colonies and they got madd

what was different about england from france about absolutism

england tried very hard to resist absolutism

dissenter

protestant who didnt like church of england

• more religious tolerance + reforms

habeas corpus

protected people from unlawful imprisonment

• need to be charged with a crime

• need to be brought before a judge

tudors

ruling family of england

• worked with parliament

henry VIII

broke away from catholic church to make his own church of england

• because catholic chhurch did not annul his marraige to catherine of aragon (coulld not bear a male heir)

mary I

henry VIII daughter

• CATHOLIC, persecuted protestants

elizabeth I

also daughter of henry VIII

• PROTESTANT

• defeating spanish armada

• good queen!!

DIED WITHOUT HEIR

stuarts

succeeded the tudors as the next family of england

• NO LIKE PARLIAMENT

• catholic

james I

first stuart king

• not tolerant of any other religions, other catholic!!

charles I

son of james I

• tried to rule without parliament + raise taxes

• SPARKED ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

long parliament

called whenever cahrles I needed money

• didnt want to disband and challenged monarchy

english civil war was between?

cavaliers (support charles I and monarchy)

vs.

roundheads (wanted the parliamenet!)

who led the roundheads

oliver cromwell

• a military general

who won

the roundheads

the commonwealth

republic with cromwell dictating…

• banned catholicism!

cromwell’s actions

attacked ireland + persecuted catholics

levellers

group during civil war that wanted equal rights and voting rights for men

• cromwell didnt like them

what kind of society was england under during cromwells rule

strict puritan society

• no fun at all

charles II + what was his reign called

after cromwell, back to monarchy - called the restoration

• very nice, brought back the fun and more tolerant

james II

brother of charles II

• ruled like an absolute monarch

• parliament got scared and overthrew him

glorious revolution

glorious because it was a bloodless transfer of power

• james II was replaced by his duaghter, mary (protestant) and her husband william of orange

how did mary and william mark the end of absolute power

they signed the english bill of rights to limit their power and work alongside the parliamanet

limited monarchy

monarchy restricted by laws and constituion, working with parliament

toleration act

allowed protestants!!

who were the two big rivals in central europe

• ruling famililes of both?

HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?

after the decline of the holy roman empire

austria - hapburgs

prussia - hohenzollerns

electors

princes in the holy roman empire who would electthe new emperor

30 years war

between the catholics and protestants in holy roman empire

• turned into power struggle

cause of 30 years war

• GERMANY WAS SPLIT UP INTO MANY TINY PARTS

• 1/3 of the german population died

whta ended the 30years war and what was it

peace of westphalia

• recognized the sovereignty of over 300 german states

charles IV and what did he issue

holy roman emperor

• father of maria theresa

• issued pragmatic sanction (tried to say that his daughter would inherit the hapsburg lands and that the other german states should not attack)

whta happened whej maria theresa took the throne

prussia invades silesia (did not listen to pragmatic sanction)

who was the leader of prussia during this

frederick II of prussia

rise of prussia

hohenzollern united prussia

• prussia known for its army

junker

prussian nobles

frederick william

laid foundations of prussia

• strong army + centrailized power after 30 yeara war

frederick II and his other nmae

freferick the great

• very smart military leader

• enlightened despot (used the ideas of enlightenment to further support of his power)

7 years war + result

austria tries to get silesia back from prussia with the help of france and russia

• prussia wins with help of britain

prussia is now a european power

peter the great

czar of russia

• westernized russia

• wanted to get a warm-water sea port

st. peterburgs

peter thought of this as a window to the west, gained it at the baltic sea (NOT A WARM WATER PORT)

warm water sea-port

the water does not freeze all year round, allowing for trade

was peter successfull

no, peter tried fighting the ottoman empire for it along the black sea

boyar

russian noble

catherine the great

enlightened despot

• actually got a warm water sea port along the black sea after defeating ottoman

peter III

emperor of russia before ebing overthrown by his wife, catherine the great

partition of poland

1. russia, austria, prussia take total of 30% of poland

2. russia and prussia take 50% of polands remaining land

3. russia, austria, prussia take the rest

POLAND SEIZED RO EXIST