Genetic Variation and Change

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Flashcards on Genetic Variation and Change

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32 Terms

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DNA

Units of genetic information

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DNA

Deoxyribose nucleic acid; a polymer made of nucleotide subunits.

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Nucleotide

The fundamental building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a base, phosphate, and 5-carbon sugar.

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Four Bases of DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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Polymer

A molecule made up of many nucleotide monomers.

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Polymer

Many units.

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Monomer

One unit.

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Allele

Different forms of a gene coding for a trait; different versions of the same gene.

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Chromosome

A structure within a cell that contains genetic information.

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Genotype

Alleles that you inherit for a gene; the genetic makeup of an individual.

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Phenotype

Physical characteristics of the genotype.

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Genotype

Determine the phenotype.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Two chromosomes which contain matching pairs of genes coding for the same trait (contain different alleles).

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Non-homologous chromosomes

They are replicated chromosomes.

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Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome, joined by the centromere; have the same alleles.

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Gene Mutation (Point)

Affects the base sequence of a single gene; forms new alleles.

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Chromosome Mutations

Changes the structure of a chromosome; affects a whole group of genes.

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Aneuploidy

Loss or gain of whole chromosomes.

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Polyploidy

Loss or gain of a complete set of chromosomes; common in plants.

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Missense / Substitution Mutation

Single base substituted by another, resulting in a new triplet that codes for a different amino acid.

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Nonsense Substitution

Mutated DNA creates a stop codon which prematurely ends synthesis of the polypeptide chain.

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Silent Substitution

One base is substituted for another but does not result in a different amino acid because of genetic code redundancy.

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Mutations

The only source of new alleles and new genetic information.

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Mutations

Can occur in somatic cells (not inherited) or gametic mutations occur in the cells of gonads (may be inherited).

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Insertion and Deletion

A single base is either inserted or deleted, upsetting the reading sequence.

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Prophase 1 (Meiosis)

Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange segments (crossing over).

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Metaphase 1 (Meiosis)

Tetrads line up.

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Anaphase 1 (Meiosis)

Pairs of homologous chromosomes split up.

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Telophase 1 + Cytokinesis (Meiosis)

Two haploid cells form; chromosomes are still double.

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Meiosis II

Sister chromatids separate and four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes.

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Haploid

A cell that contains half the number of chromosomes.

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Diploid

A cell that contains a full set of homologous chromosomes.