Epidemiology Study designs

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20 Terms

1

Cohort (Follow-Up) Studies consists of what two types of studies

Prospective and Retrospective (Historical) Studies

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2

Cohort Studies

Start With Exposed Group followed over a long period of time to determine disease status

Calculating the incidents rate

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3

Prospective Cohort Studies

Starts with present and collects into the future

Follow-up over long periods of time to see how disease has developed

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4

Retrospective Cohort Studies

Data has already been collected in the past

Used to study Occupational or Environmental exposures

Look at current health records to see who developed the disease

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5

Advantages of Prospective Cohort Studies

1. Can determine incidence

2. Good for Rare Exposures

3. Can study multiple Outcomes

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6

Disadvantages of Prospective Cohort Studies

1. Long period of Follow-up

2. Time Consuming

3. Expensive

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7

Advantages of Retrospective Cohort Study

1. No long follow up period (disease already occurred)

2. Less expensive

3. No problems with non-participation

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8

Disadvantages of Retrospective Cohort Study

1. Large number of subjects

2. Expensive

3. Tracking can be Time Consuming

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9

Case-control

1. Has cases and controls

2. Identifies potential exposures back in time

3. Measures odds ratio

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10

Case Control Advantages

1.Short/No period of Follow-up

2. Smaller number of subjects

3. Good for studying rare Diseases or those of long latency

4. Less time consuming, Less Expensive

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11

Case control Disadvantages

1. Selection bias

2. Interviewer Bias

3. Less certain of exposure status

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12

Clinical Trials

The investigators influence the exposure of the study subjects

Randomization and Blinding occurs

Field Trials

Community Trials

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13

Advantages of clinical trials

1. Fewer Biases

2. Gold Standard

3. Control for unknown factors

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14

Disadvantages of Clinical Trials

1. Complex Design

2. Expensive

3. Time Consuming

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15

Cross-Sectional Studies

Designed to determine what is happening right now

Disease and exposure status are determined at the same time

Usually uses surveys and polls

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16

Advantages of Cross-Sectional Studies

1. Inexpensive

2. No loss to follow-up

3. Used for public health planning

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17

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional

1. Only a snapshot

2. Can only determine prevalence

3. No information on cause-effect relationship

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18

Prevalence Formula

PE=A/A+B PnE=C/C+D (Cross-Sectional)

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19

Incidents Rate Formula

IE= A/A+B InE=C/C+D (Cohort Study, Clinical Trials)

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20

Odds Ratio

Odds of Exposure D= A/C

Odds of Exposure ND=B/D

OR=AD/BC (Case Control)

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