Chapter 10, 11, 12 Cycles and Pathways

EMP (Embden-Meyerhof Pathway/Glycolysis)

The primary glycolytic pathway converts glucose into pyruvate to produce pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Entner-Doudoroff (ED) Pathway

Alternative glycolytic pathway in some bacteria that converts glucose into pyruvate to produce ATP, NADH, NADPH, and less ATP than EMP.

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

Oxidizes G6P into R5P, NADPH, and CO2 for nucleotide synthesis and biosynthesis

TCA/CAC/Krebs Cycle

Completely oxidize acetyl-CoA into CO2 while producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to a terminal electron acceptor, pumping H⁺ across the membrane to generate a PMF for ATP synthesis

Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP)

Use PMF to drive ATP synthase and make ATP

Aerobic Respiration

Complete oxidation of glucose using O₂ as the terminal electron acceptor to maximize ATP production

Anaerobic Respiration

Complete oxidation of substrates using an inorganic terminal electron acceptor other than O₂ to generate ATP.

Fermentation

Generates ATP via SLP while regenerating NAD without using an ETC

Calvin-Benson (Calvin) Cycle

Fixes CO2 into G3P using ATP and NADPH for sugar synthesis

Reductive TCA Cycle

Reverse TCA cycle that fixes CO₂ into organic carbon skeletons in some autotrophs.

Gluconeogenesis

Synthesizes glucose from pyruvate and other non-carbohydrate precursors.

Glycogen Synthesis

Converts glucose into glycogen for carbon and energy storage.

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Builds the bacterial cell wall from activated sugar precursors.

Fatty Acid Synthesis

Produces fatty acids from acetyl-CoA using NADPH for membrane and lipid formation

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Synthesizes amino acids from precursor metabolites for protein synthesis

Purine Biosynthesis

Synthesizes adenine and guanine nucleotides for DNA and RNA.

Pyrimidine Biosynthesis

Synthesizes pyrimidine nucleotides (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) for DNA and RNA synthesis

Purpose of Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)/Glycolysis

Break down glucose to create pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Purpose of PPP

Oxidizes G6P into R5P, NADPH, and CO2 for nucleotide synthesis and biosynthesis

Purpose of Tricoboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)/Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

Completely oxidize acetyl-CoA into CO2 while producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP

Purpose of ETC

Convert electron energy into a proton motive force.

Purpose of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Use PMF to synthesize ATP

Purpose of Fermentation

To regenerate NAD which allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when an ETC cant be used

Purpose of Calvin Cycle

Convert CO2 into G3P for sugar synthesis

Purpose of Gluconeogenesis

Produce glucose when it is unavailable.