Metabolism

What is a catabolic reaction?

Decrease energy content in molecule and use energy for cell processes

What is a anabolic reaction?

increase energy content in molecule and store energy for later use

What is oxidation

Decreases the energy of a molecule, allowing that energy to be used to form the energy of another molecule

What is reduction

Increases the energy of a molecule allowing for that molecule to become a storage molecule for energy

What is glucose catabolism also called?

Cellular respiration

Where does cellular respiration occur?

In every cell of the body except RBC

How is glucose transported into the cell?

facilitated diffusion

What increases facilitated diffusion?

insulin

What traps the glucose in the cell?

phosphorylation

What happens during glycolysis?

6-carbon molecule glucose is breaks into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

What happens if oxygen is plentiful during glycolysis? (aerobic)

NADH can enter electron transport chain to produce 4-6 atp

What if oxygen is short in supply? (anaerobic)

Pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid

What type of condition does the formation of acetyl coenzyme A require?

Aerobic conditions

How is acetyl coenzyme A formed?

Pyruvic acid is converted to a two-carbon compound which is an acetyl group then you add coenzyme A

What is coenzyme A derived from?

Pantothenic acid which is a B vitamin

What else is produced during the formation of acetyl coenzyme A?

NADH which can enter the electron transport chain to produce ATP

What needs to enter the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl coenzyme A

What happens during the Kreb cycle?

acetyl coenzyme A enters the krebs cycle resulting in oxidtion of acetyl coenzyme A to produce O2, ATP, NADH and FADH

Where is the electron transport chain?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

In the electron transport chain how many atp can you make from NADH

2.5 to 3

In the electron transport chain how many atp can you make from FADH2

1.5 to 2

What is glycogenesis?

True anabolism (glucose to glycogen)

What is glycogenolysis?

The reversal of glycogenesis (glycogen to glucose)

What is gluconeogenesis?

Conversion of fats or amino acids into the glucose metabolic pathway

Where is glycogen stored?

Liver or skeletal muscle

What is glycogenis stimulated by?

insulin

What stimulated glycogenolysis?

Glucagon and epinephrine

What is glycerol converted into in order to enter the glucose metabolic pathway?

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

What are amino acids converted into in order to enter the glucose metabolic pathway?

Pyruvic acid

What is gluconeogenesis stimulated by?

cortisol and glucagon

how much blood cholesterol do LDLs carry?

75%

What LDLs do?

Deposit cholesterol in and around smooth muscle fibers in arteries

What do HDLs do?

remove excess cholesterol from body cells and transport it to the liver for elimination

What are the two sources of cholesterol?

Food we ear and liver synthesis

Whats the desirable amount of TC (total cholesterol)

200

Whats the desirable amount of LDL

Under 130

Whats the desirable amount of HDL

Over 40

How are lipids used as structural molecules or to synthesize essential molecules?

Phospholipids of plasma membrane, lipoproteins that transport cholesterol, thromboplastin for blot clotting, and cholesterol for synthesizing bile salts and steroids

What is lipolysis (lipid catabolism)?

Triglycerides are split into fatty acids and glycerol from fat deposits. Then glycerol and fatty acids are catabolized separately.

How is glycerol is catabolized?

Its converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

How are fatty acids catabolized?

Through beta-oxidation, pairs of carbon atoms are removed from fatty acid chains and acetyl coenzyme A bind to them

What is lipogenesis?

The conversion of glucose or amino acids into lipids

What is lipogenesis stimulated by?

Insulin

What is lipolysis stimulated by?

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol

What are the intermediary links in lipogenesis?

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and acetyl coenzyme A

Through what type of transport do amino acids enter the body?

Active transport

Whats is protein metabolism controlled by?

Insulin and human growth factor

What is protein anabolism directed by?

DNA and RNA

What is protein anabolism dependent on?

The presence of essential and nonessential amino acids

What is glucose-6-phosphate involved in?

synthesize of glycogen, releasing glucose in the blood stream, synthesize nucleic acids, and glycolysis

What is pyruvic acid involved in?

Production of lactic acid and alanine and its a gluconeogenesis pathway

What is acetyl coenzyme A involved in?

Helping 2 carbon acetyl groups enter the Krebs cycle and synthesis of lipids