BONE FORMATION

Osteogenic (Osteoprogenitor) Cell

Are UNDIFFERENTIATED WITH HIGH MIOTIC ACTIVITY.

• They are the ONLY BONE CELLS THAT DIVIDE

• USED FOR CANCER RESEARCH / ROLE AS THE REGENERATION

Osteoblast

RESPONSIBLE FOR FORMING NEW BONE & FOUND IN GROWING BONES.

Osteocytes

PRIMARY CELL OF MATURE BONE

• Living bone

Osteoclast

RESORBPTION OR BREAKDOWN

• It is able to BREAK DOWN THE MATRIX.

• IT IS THE CLEANER (DEBRIS IN THE BONE)

• ALLOWS CALCIUM IN THE BONE TO RELEASE BY BREAKING MATRIX DOWN

Ossification

IT IS THE PROCESS OF BONE FORMATION.

• It OCCURS ON THE HYALINE CARTILAGE/FIBROUS MEMBRANE.

Closed Simple Fracture

FRACTURE WITHIN THE BONE BUT DOES NOT PENETRATE THE SKIN.

Open Compound Fracture

WHEN THE BROKEN BONE ENDS PENETRATE THROUGH THE SKIN.

Comminuted 

TYPES OF FRACTURES

BONE BREAKS INTO THREE OR MORE FRAGMENTS

• Particularly common in older people, whose bones are more brittle.

Compression

TYPES OF FRACTURES

FRACTURE WHERE THE BONE IS CRUSHED.

• Common in porous bones (osteoporotic bones)

Depressed

TYPES OF FRACTURES

BROKEN BONE PORTION IS PRESSED INWARD.

• Typical of skull fracture.

Impacted

TYPES OF FRACTURES

BROKEN BONE ENDS ARE FORCED INTO EACH OTHER.

• Commonly occurs when SOMEONE ATTEMPTS TO BREAK FALL WITH OUTSTRETCHED ARMS.

Spiral

TYPES OF FRACTURES

RAGGED BREAK OCCURS WHEN EXCESSIVE TWISTING FORCES ARE APPLIED TO A BONE.

• Common sports fracture.

Greenstick

TYPES OF FRACTURES

BONE BREKS INCOMPLETELY, MUCH IN THE WAY GREEN TWIG BREAKS.

• Common in children due to the FLEXIBILITY 

Diaphysis

It is also CALLED A SHAFT.

• It is COVERED AND PROTECTED BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE: PERIOSTEUM

Perforating Fibers

ALSO KNOWN AS SHARPEY’S FIBERS

• SECURES THE PERIOSTEUM TO THE UNDERLYING BONE.

Epiphysis

THE ENDS OF THE LONG BONES.

• Each of this CONSIST OF A THIN LAYER OF COMPACT BONE enclosing an area filled with spongey bone.

• INSTEAD OF PERIOSTEUM, ARTICULAR CARTILAGE COVERS ITS EXTERNAL SURFACE.

Epiphyseal Line

This is the REMNANT OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE (A FLAT PLATE OF HYALINE CARTILAGE)

Epiphyseal Plate

THIS CAUSES THE LENGTHWISE GROWTH OF LONG BONE.

• When growth happens, EPIPHYSEAL PLATE → EPIPHYSEAL LINE 

Medullary Cavity

THE CAVITY OF THE SHAFT IN INFANTS

• The STORAGE OF THE RED MARROW THAT PRODUCES RBC

• UNTIL THE AGE OF 6-7, THE RED MARROW IS REPLACED BY YELLOW MARROW.

Red Marrow

It is the STORAGE FOR RED BLOOD CELLS.

Yellow Marrow

STORES ADIPOSE/FAT TISSUE.

Bone Markings

IT REVEALS WHERE MUSCLES, TENDONS & LIGAMENTS ATTACH AND BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVE PASS.

1. PROJECTION/PROCESSES: Grows out from the bone surface.

2. DEPRESSION/CAVITIES; the INDENTIONS IN THE BONE.

Compact Bone

THE OSTEOCYTES ARE FOUND WITHIN THE BONE MATRIX IN TINY CAVITIES CALLED LACUNAE.

Spongy Bone

It is composed of SMALL NEEDLE LIKE PIECES: TRABECULAE AND OPEN SPACE FILLED BY MARROW BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES.

Lamellae

It is the CONCENTRIC CIRCLES WHERE LACUNAE ARE ARRANGED, around the central canals.

Osteon (Haversian System)

EACH COMPLEX CONSISTING OF CENTRAL CANAL AND MATRIX RINGS.

• it is the STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF COMPACT BONE.

Central Canals

It RUNS LENGTHWISE THROUGH THE BONY MATRIX, CARRYING BLOOD CELLS & NERVES TO ALL AREAS OF THE BONE.

Canaliculi

It RADIATES OUTWARD FROM CENTRAL CANALS TO ALL CANALICULI

• It FORMS A TRANSPO SYSTEM THAT CONNECTS ALL THE BONE CELLS TO NUTRIENT SUPPLY & WASTE REMOVAL SERVICES THRU HARD BONE MATRIX.