UNIT 1 US. History

What was constructed rapidly after the civil war ended?

Railroads

What is an example of a major railroad

The transcontinental railroad

what was the transcontinental railroad

the first of many lines that began crisscrossing the nation.

When was the TR done

1869

What were some benefits of railroads

increased the market of products

spurred industrial growth

encourage economy by spending large amounts of money on steel, coal, timber, and other materials

What did federal government due as a result of the building process of railroads being very costly?

gave land grants to companies for them to sell land to SETTLERS, REAL ESTATE COMPANIES, AND BUSINESSES to raise MONEY to build the RR.

What was a result of building of the railroad?

helped move settlers to the Great Plains.

What was a con to the great wealth accumulated by the railroad?

many accusations that they were swindling taxpayers and investors, bribing officials, and cheating on contracters and debts.

“Robber Barons”

a term given to people who looted an industry and became rich unethically

What is an example of corruption on the industry , robber barons?

The credit mobiler

what was the credit mobiler

a construction company set up by stockholders of the Union Pacific RR

Why was the credit mobiler wrong?

It included OAKES HAMES, a member of the CONGRESS, and to convince the congress to give the RR more land grants, AMES SOLD OTHER MEMBERS OF CONGRESS SHARES ATLOW PRICES.

What happened in the election of 1876

Names of members who bough Oakes hames shares were printed on the paper. This led to widespread anger and impression that railroad entrepreneurs were corrupt.

What was an example of a RR man who was NOT considered Rober Barrons

James J. Hill

What did James. J hill build

Great Northern RR from Wisconsin and Minnesota to Washington state

Why is James J. Hill considered a not R. B?

-He did not use any land grants or subsidies

-Identified goods that were in demand in China (cotton, textiles, and flour) - GOODS FLOWING BOTH IN EAST AND WEST

-He offered low fares to settlers

What became the most successful railroad

Great Northern RR (good always wins)

Overall, what were the good and bad effects of the RR

-linked nation

economical benefits

-government corruptions

TIME ZONES

What did the Dakota in minnesota people agree to do in 1862 ( NA tribe)

agree to live on reservations in exchange for money

what was the setback of annuities for the Dakota ppl

the money never reached Dakota and they lived in poverty and faced starvation

What did local traders refuse to do for Dakota

sell food on credit

What did the Dakota people do as a result of the mistreatment?

a 5 week long rebellion that killed HUNDREDS of settlers

what did the military do as a result of the Dakotas 5 week long rebellion ( also known as DAKOTA UPRISING)?

sentenced 300 Dakota to death , BUT PRESIDENT LINCOLN REVIEWED THE NUMBER AND REDUCED IT TO 38:))

What was formed after several conflicts after the Dakota uprising

The Indian peace commission

what was the IPC

proposed creating two large reservations on the plains

who would run the reservations proposed by the IPC

federal agents, and the army would deal with groups that refused to report or remain there

what happened to NA who moved there

continued to face poverty, despair, and the corrupt practices of American traders

did native Americans leave the reservations later?

yes, they left them to return to their traditional lives hunting buffalo in the wide open plains

why did hunting buffalo turn out to be insignificant

professional buffalo hunters and others like RR companies killed many of them and occupied them, so few buffalo remained

What was found in the lakota reservation, namely the black hills area?

Gold!

Why did the lakota people not like the mining of gold in the black hills area

they considered it sacred

Who did the government send as a response to the lakota people leaving the reservation to hunt near the Bighorn mountains in Montana

Custer and his men

what did the natives do to custers men

killed all of his 200 men

what did newspapers portray Custer as

a victim of “massacre” although he was literally sent to kill them

what was an act of defiance the Lakota people did against the government?

The ghost dance, a ritual that provided a source of hope for many Kalota who had suffered through conquest and lost their way of life

What did the Lakota believe the ghost dance would do

by performing ceremonies and songs, settlers would disappear, and the buffalo would return, and they would reunited with their dead ancestors

What did federal authorities think of the ghost dance

it would lead to violence, and blamed this defiance on the sitting bull, the Lakota leader

what did the government try to do to sitting bull

tried to arrest him and they killed him.

what happened as a result to sitting bulls murder?

• a group of ghost dancers fled the reservation

• the 7th cavalry tried to disarm a large group of fleeting Lakota

• fighting broke out

• at the wounded knee creek in the South Dakota between 200-300 men, women, and children, wee killed by the 7th cavalry troops who used rapid-firing cannons

• 25 U.S solders died in the conflict

What was the last major battle of resistance

tragedy at wounded knee

Where is the Great Plains

west of the missisnsipit river and east of the Rocky Mountains

what were some challenges faced by the settlers in the Great Plains

• summer temps reaching 100 degrees

• prairie fires and grasshopper swarms

• winter blizzards and extreme cold

• lack of timber for shelter

• wells that had to be drilled 100 feet for water

what could settlers file

for a small registration fee, settlers could file a “homestead” .

what was the homestead

a piece of land acquired by living on it and cultivating it. Homesteaders could claim up to 160 acres and receive the title to it after living on it FOR 5 YEARS

What was assimilation/ Americanizations

NA’s attend boarding schools where children are required to speak English, dress in American style dress, attend church, and take on vocations.

Why were the boardings schools that NA’s attended turn out to be controversial

over time, some found them to have strict discipline, repression, and there were reports of abuse

What was. the Dawes act of 1887 (what did it encourage)

ANOTHER AMERICANIZATION STRATEGY, it encouraged Indians to abandon the reservation system and become independent landowners.

what was the effect of the Dawes act

land was allowed in the amount of 160 acres of land for head of household, any remaining land was sold to American settlers. CITIZENSHIP WAS GRANTED TO NATIVES WHO STAYED ON THE LAND FOR 25 YEARS. WHILE SOME NATIVES SUCCEEDED AS FARMERS AND RANCHERS, MANY HAD LITTLE TRAINING OR FOUND THE ALLOTMENTS TOO SMALL TO BE PROFITABLE

Was full citizenship ever granted ?

yes, but later in 1924

what reversed the policy of the Dawes act policy of assimilation? ( also what did it do)

the Indian reorganization act. It restored some reservation lands and gave the native Americans control over them, permitting them to ELECT THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS.

What could large corporations that developed do?

Consolidate business functions and produce goods more efficiently

Who began using new techniques to attract consumers?

retailers

what is a corporation

an organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a person

what is stock

stockholders own corporations through shares of ownerships

what is the Laissez faire ad what did it allow

A philosophy economics that allowed people to form corporations, raise money from selling stock, invest in new technologies, hire large workforces, and purchase machines

what did the laissez faire do?

increased efficiency and created ECONOMIES OF SCALE; in which the cost of manufacturing is decreased by producing goods quickly and in large quantities

what were some advantages corporations had over small businesses?

• produce more goods at lower cost and could stay open in bad economic times by:

  • cutting prices to increase scales

  • rebates from the railroads lowered their operating costs

  • small businesses could not compete with large corporations, so they were sometimes forced out of business.

what is all this process of big business getting created called?

industrialization

who was the scottish immigrant who first mass produced _____ in America in 1875?

Andrew Carnegie, he mass produced steel

what was Andrew Carnegies method of producing steel

vertical integration, owls all of the different businesses it depends on for its organizations (buys all the businesses who produce the separate materials needed and uses it for the benefit of the organization ).

What are some examples of things that Carnegie bought for his vertical integration method?

• coal mines

• limestone quarries

• iron ore fields

What is horizontal integration?

combining of many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation.

What happened as companies competed ? ( horizontal integration)

the losing market share would often sell out to competitors

Who used horizontal integration?

John . D Rockefeller

what was rockefellers product?

his standard oil company

what was the effect of the standard oil company

he horizontally integrated the oil industry; by 1880n he controlled 90% of the oil refining in the U.S

How is a monopoly created?

when a single company achieves control of an entire market, it becomes a monopoly

what did some states try to do to horizontal integration?

make it illegal for one company to own stock in another

what did companies to do to try to get around states making it illegal?

form trusts to avoid breaking the law.

what are trusts

combinations of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition

What did Trustees manage

the stocks of companies and controlled them as if they wrecked one large merged company

what is a holding company

a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies.

The holding company manages companies on its own and effectively merges them into one large enterprise

what is investment banking

-companies sell large amounts of stock to investment bankers at a discount

-the banker finds investors and sells the stock for profit

THE MOST SUCCESFUL WAS J.P MORGAN

Who bough out Andrew Carnegie in 1901?

J.P morgan

Who did Morgan merge Car Steel with?

other large steel companies into a holding called the United States Steel Company

How much was U.S Steel worth?

1.4 billion, THE FIRST BILLION DOLLAR COMPNAY IN AMERICAN HISTORY

trusts and holding companies created_____

unofficial monopolies

by 1900, retailers were spending 90 million a year on ____

advertising

what store opened in the 1900s

• department store, a huge selection of products in one large building

• chain stores - focused on lower. prices like Walmarts, targets, Krogers

what also reached rural areas?

mail-order catalogs

What grew rapidly after the end of the civil war?

business and industry

Although the first industrial revolution had reached the U.S in the early 1800s, most Americans still lived on ___

farms

once the industry rapidly expanded, millions of Americans left farms to work in what?

mines and farms

what was the second industrial revolution characterized by?

electricity

who was leading the industrial nation by the early 1900’s?

U.S

Who had the highest gross national product (GNP - the total value of all goods and services a country produces in a year)?

the U.S

What is the GNP (gross national product)

total value of all gods and services a country produces in a year

what causes successful industrialization?

abundant natural resources like timber, coal, iron, and copper

what was the oil industry built on and why was America successful in it?

Petroleum, it was successful because America had access it.

What happened to the U.S population between 1860-1910?

the population tripled

what did the tripling of the population in the U.S between 1869-1910 provide for the industry?

provided the industry with a large workforce and demand for goods

how did population rise? (3)

immigration, better living conditions, longer lifespans

between 1870-1910 how many immigrants arrived in the U.S ?

17 million

what did new techonology increase (beneficial)

• productivity

• improved transportation

• communication (think like electricity)

What are the 4 major inventors in the U.S industrial era?

• Thomas Eddison

• George Westinghouse

• Cyrus field

• Alexander Graham

What was the impact of each major inventor ?

Eddison - light bulb/generator, electricity

Westinghouse - alternating current (AC)

Cyrus field - telegraph across Atlantic

Graham - telephone (AT&T)

What was a motive that drew many people of high ability and ambition to the U.S?

the profit motive

What are entrepreneurs?

• People who risk their capital in organizing and running businesses

• Believed they could make money in manufacturing and transportation

What are entrepreneurs and foreign investors attracted to?

• laissez-faire ideas in the American economy

What do Laissez-Faire supporters believe in?

government should not interfere in the economy other than to protect private property and maintain peace