PHRM 700 Exam 2 Flashcards (AI GENERATED)

Vocabulary flashcards covering foundations of population health, government/public health roles, health promotion/screening concepts, epidemiology basics, organizations and education, residency/fellowship basics, and healthcare financing concepts.

Assessment

Monitoring the health status of the population as a core public health function.

Policy development

Informing, educating, and developing policies to support individuals and communities.

Assurance

Enforcement of laws and regulations to ensure necessary public health services.

Population health components

Distribution of health outcomes, health determinants, and policies/interventions that affect determinants.

Public health

Focuses on the health of the community through prevention, promotion, programs, and policies.

Population health (definition)

Focuses on factors that influence health over lifetimes and aims to reduce inequities across populations.

Health promotion

Process of enabling people to increase control over their health.

Primary prevention

Measures to prevent onset of illness or injury (risk avoidance and health enhancement). Example: childhood immunizations.

Secondary prevention

Measures to detect disease early and intervene to interrupt progression (screening).

Tertiary prevention

Measures to minimize disability and restore health after disease onset (treatment/rehabilitation).

Screening

Identification of unrecognized disease or health risks through tests or procedures.

Self-care

Individuals learn to care for themselves, set goals, and participate in decision making.

Health disparity

Health differences linked to social, economic, and environmental disadvantages.

Health equity

Attainment of the highest possible health for all, focusing on social determinants.

Health determinant

An event, characteristic, or factor that causes change in health.

Social determinants of health

Examples include education, income, access to care, social support, discrimination, employment.

Biology/behavioral determinants

Genetics, age/sex, lifestyle behaviors, stress management, adherence to treatment.

Environment determinants

Air/water quality, housing, climate, transportation, safe spaces, toxins.

Federal responsibilities in public health

Provide essential services, respond to nationwide health threats, fund programs, set goals and standards.

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; main U.S. assessment/epidemiologic unit; issues policy and behavior recommendations.

FDA

Regulates drugs, medical devices, food, and tobacco; sets safety standards.

HRSA

Health Resources and Services Administration; funds programs for care to uninsured and medically underserved.

Provider

A professional who delivers health care (physician, NP, PA, pharmacist, nurse).

Insurer

Entity that contracts with providers to cover or pay for health care services.

Supplier

Pharmaceutical/biotech/medical device companies.

Special population

A subgroup at higher risk due to social, economic, or educational disadvantages.

Veterans

Military personnel with risks such as war injuries, chemical exposure, PTSD, homelessness.

Native Americans

Higher burden of certain diseases and access/quality disparities in health care.

Prisoners

High prevalence of injuries, infectious diseases, substance abuse; barriers to care.

Students (K-12) health care

Medical, psychosocial, preventive care; age-appropriate health education.

Students (College) health care

Campus medical and preventive services; emergency care; mental health resources.

Intellectual/developmental disabilities (I/DD)

Integrated care needs; consent capacity; diagnostic/treatment challenges.

Certificate of Need (CON)

Legal document to build a new health facility; aims to prevent duplication and ensure quality.

Accreditation

Official recognition that an organization meets defined standards.

Healthy People

US HHS initiative with a 10-year framework of measurable health objectives.

Healthy People 2030 goals

Attain healthy, thriving lives; eliminate disparities; promote healthy environments across life stages.

USPSTF

United States Preventive Services Task Force; independent experts making evidence-based preventive recommendations.

Reliability

Consistency; ability of a test to yield the same results on repeated measures.

Validity

Whether a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Sensitivity

Ability of a test to identify those with the disease (true positives).

Specificity

Ability of a test to identify those without the disease (true negatives).

Positive Predictive Value (PPV)

Proportion of positive test results that are true positives.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV)

Proportion of negative test results that are true negatives.

Morbidity

Departure from wellness due to disease or illness.

Mortality

Occurrence of death in a population.

Incidence

Number of new disease cases in an at-risk population during a specified period.

Prevalence

Total number of disease cases in the population at a given point in time.

Crude mortality rate

Total deaths from all causes in a given time interval.

Age-specific mortality rate

Deaths in a specific age category from all causes.

Cause-specific mortality rate

Deaths from a specific cause in a population.

Case fatality

Proportion of individuals with a disease who die from it.

Experimental study

Researchers assign interventions; often randomized controlled trials; gold standard for causality.

Case-control study

Participants selected by disease status; retrospective exposure assessment.

Cohort study

Well-defined group followed over time to assess incidence and outcome relationships.

Cross-sectional study

Assess exposure and disease status at one point in time; no temporal sequence.

PGY1 residency

First-year residency; broad med-use system management and general competencies.

PGY2 residency

Second-year residency; advanced, specialized practice and leadership.

Residency advantages

Continued training; concentrated experience; application of skills; soft-skill development.

Residency disadvantages

Low pay; long hours; stress; impact on life plans.

Fellowship

Postgraduate training focused on advanced specialty practice or research; often 2 years.

Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS)

Certifying body for pharmacist specialties.

BPS certification requirements

Specialty exam; annual maintenance fee; continuing education to maintain certification.

Professional certificate program

Online modules offered by professional bodies; provides CE; may not be accredited or require residency.

Managed Care (general)

Arrangements (HMO, PPO, POS) aiming to control costs and improve access and quality.

HMO

Health Maintenance Organization; network-based with PCP gatekeeper; usually no out-of-network coverage.

PPO

Preferred Provider Organization; higher cost but more flexibility; some out-of-network coverage.

POS

Point of Service; hybrid with gatekeeper and some out-of-network coverage.

HDHP

High-Deductible Health Plan; paired with HSAs/HRA/FSAs; emphasizes personal cost-sharing; preventive services often exempt.

PBM

Pharmacy Benefit Manager; manages prescription drug benefits, claims processing, formularies, rebates.

FMAP

Federal Medical Assistance Percentage; federal matching funds for Medicaid.

CHIP

Children's Health Insurance Program; federal-state program for uninsured children.

Medicare Part A

Hospital insurance part of Medicare.

Medicare Part B

Medical insurance part of Medicare.

Medicare Part C

Medicare Advantage; private plan option for Medicare benefits.

Medicare Part D

Prescription drug coverage under Medicare.

Medicare funding sources

Payroll taxes, beneficiary premiums, and general federal revenue.

Medicaid funding sources

Joint federal/state funding; FMAP for federal matching funds.

ACA subsidies

Premium subsidies in health insurance marketplaces; expanded eligibility for subsidies.

ACA key concepts

Insurance marketplaces, expanded Medicaid, consumer protections, coverage for dependents up to 26, preventive services free.

Public vs private health insurance

Public: government programs (Medicare/Medicaid/ACA subsidies); Private: employer-sponsored, individual plans, Blue Cross/Blue Shield, managed care, HDHP/HSA.

Health insurance marketplaces

Online platforms where individuals can compare and purchase health plans with subsidies where eligible.

Health maintenance organizations (HMO)

A managed care plan with a network; primary care physician gatekeeping; limited or no out-of-network coverage.

Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

A managed care plan offering more provider choice and some out-of-network coverage.

Point of Service (POS)

Hybrid plan combining features of HMO and PPO with some out-of-network coverage.

Flexible Spending Account (FSA)

Employer-based pre-tax account for eligible health/dependent care expenses; use-it-or-lose-it rule.

Consumer-driven health plan (HDHP + HSA/HRA/FSA)

High-deductible plan paired with tax-advantaged accounts to encourage cost-conscious care.

State gov responsibilities

differs among each states health department; scope of activities involve infectious disease control, health stats, policy development, assuring access to health services, and licensing providers

Local gov responsibilities

involved in “assurance” activities; conduct disease control programs, collect health stats, provide health education, conduct sanitation/inspection, provide screening and immunizations

Healthcare systems

Refers to the organization of people, institutions, and resources involved in delivering health care services to meet the health needs of populations.

Healthcare system goals

access, quality, cost

Screening

the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or health risks by the application of tests, exams, or other procedures; sort into those who have disease and who do not. Important because it can lead to early detections and diagnosis, leading to early treatment

Common disease screenings

obesity, dental caries, oral cancer, drug, alcohol, tobacco use

Mandatory Newborn Screening importance

important because they identify serious or life-threatening conditions that have no signs/symptoms at birth

pseudodisease

identifying a disease that is unlikely to impact patient over lifetime, the disease may be present and detectable though screening, but it may never become clinically apparent (will not cause morbidity or mortality)

ethical concerns in screening

the pros are that they identify serious problems that could harm others, and they identify problems that need immediate treatment. The cons are that they cause potential harm to patient autonomy, there are confidentiality concerns, they test low risk populations which reduce PPV, and consequences of false positives are increased

epidemiology

the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations. It involves the analysis of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.

epidemiology goals

define problems, describe illnesses, discover risks, predict trends, intervention strategy, quantity benefits

pharmacoepidemiology

a subset of epidemiology that is concerned with med usage patterns, adverse reaction distributions, and med-related impacts on disease and health in a population

pharmacoepidemiology goals

describe patterns of use or adverse reactions, compare actual use to guidelines or expected usage patterns, determine factors that promote or inhibit use of med, link med use to health outcomes, measure the characteristics of patients with and without specific diseases, and study patterns and causes of med errors

experimental vs observational studies

experimental studies result from researchers determining the variables (interventions), whereas observational studies follow and records natural course of exposure and subsequent disease. Observational studies are used to study a wider range of exposures than experimental studies, they are considered “natural” experiments, and they mitigate many issues which are not feasible in experimental studies