Chapter 9 a strong start for the nation

George Washington was —— in —- —- —-

inaugurated, new york city

*—— —- ——- was the chancellor of the state of NY and administered the —- —- —- to president Washington in wall street in NY city

Robert R. Livingston, oath of office

Robert was the chancellor but today presidents are inaugurated by the —- —-

chief of justice

Washington knew that at this time most people though of themselves as —- —- —- not as citizens of the US

citizens of states

Washington knew that even though he was president the US was not yet a —— John adams feared the US wouldn’t last his ——- and Hamilton thought the constitution was —— and ——-. washington thought of america as an ——- entrusted to the hands of the american people. He knew it was his responisbility to give —— to this great american experiement

nation, lifetime, frail, worthless, experiment, direction

*—— —— was named as the first vice president

John Adams

Washington, John Adams, other elected officials, two senators from each state, and 59 members of the house of rep. all took an ——- to uphold the ——- and they now had the responsibility of —— —— ——- and making it work

oath, constitution, organizing the government

To guide them these officials only had their —— there was no —- —-, —— —- or —- —— officers each act they took established —— for future actions

experience, federal laws, federal courts, law enforcement, precedent

*——— a model for future actions

precedent

The US was facing —- —— and they had no ——- —— and no method for collecting ——, plus there was the problem of —— —- ——. There was not enough money coming in to make the government work, and there was little money in the country that people could use to —- ——, and there was —- from the —— and the —- —- —-

financial problems, federal treasury, taxes, insufficient tax revenue, pay taxes, debt, war, a of c

president Washington had to work out a —- —- that was acceptable to congress and had to appoint diplomatic officials and instruct them with their duties

foreign policy

if trouble were to arise the nation had little —— —— there was only 600 enlisted officers/soldiers

military strength

congress was given the —— to solve all these problems but dealing with them successfully would call for —- ——

power, strong leadership

The —— —— established a federal court system it provided for a —- —- and —— associate justices of the supreme court

judiciary act, chief justice, five

The judiciary act also established 13 —- —- and three —— —- and it cave the supreme court the power of —- —-

district courts, circuit courts, judicial review

*—— —— is the power of the supreme court to declare void state laws, and decisions of state courts that violated the federal laws or treaties under the constitution

judicial review

*—- —- was the first chief justice of the supreme court appointed by Washington and he was confirmed by the senate

John Jay

If the power of judicial review was not given to the supreme court then each —- could interpret the laws ——-. This would lead us to having nothing more than a league of —- —- this is why the judiciary act was so important

state, differently, sovereign states

*—- —— states independent of one another

sovereign states

the first ratification by congress was the —- —- —-

bill of rights

the first reenactment of congress was the reenactment of the —— ——-

northwest ordinance

the first introduction of a tariff by congress was —— and placed on ——- to help repay war debts

small, imports

Congress created —— —— —- —- for the purpose of helping washington with his work they were:

*—— —- —— -created to help handle foreign affairs

*—- —- —-- —— created to deal with financial problems

*—- —- —- created to manage military matters

three federal executive departments, department of state, department of the treasury, department of war

The heads of the three executive departments were known as the presidents —— or ——-. The —— was not officially recognized by —— until 1907 though.

cabinet, advisors, cabinet, law

while the secretaries could —- the president they could not make the —- —-

advise, final decision

*—— heads of the departments

secretaries

The secretaries were:

*—— —— secretary of state

*—- —— secretary of the treasury

*—- —— secretary of war

thomas jefferson, alexander Hamilton, henry knox

*—- —— was appointed by Washington to be —- —— which was basically his personal —— he was to advise the president on matters of —— this was a part time job originally but eventually the —- — —- was created to fill this role

Edmund Randolph, attorney general, lawyer, law, department of justice

*—- —- appointed as postmaster general

Samuel Osgood

Congress turned to —— to solve the ——- problems, in doing so they set a precedent for a strong —— —- financial policy with the —- —— —- —- playing a key role in shaping economic decisions

Hamilton, financial, executive led, secretary of the treasury

To establish the nations —- Hamilton wanted to —— all the nations ——

credit, repay, debt

He wanted to gain the —— of his neighbors by repaying —— for future —- situations

trust, debt, trade

Everyone agreed that the 12 million owed to ——, ——-, and the ——- should be repaid since they —— them in the war

France, Spain, Netherlands, aided

Regarding the —- —- though most members of congress thought that money loaned to the government from the states and individuals for the —— —— should not have to be repaid

domestic debt, war funding

The continental congress got money by —- —- —- and by —- —- —- now after the war with the US —— reputation being low both these things were basically ——— and were both sold ——- —— ——

issuing paper money, selling government bonds, credit, worthless, below face value

The reason congress rejected hamilton’s proposal to pay back even the domestic debt is because it would only benefit a few —— since most had already —- this money

speculators, sold

Hamilton convinced congress to repay all the debt but this angered smaller states who had —- their debt or had —- —- they didn’t want to be responsible for the debt of the —- —- now or the states who had just not repaid their debt

paid, less debt, larger

The —— —— was a compromise for this situation because ——- led by —- —— now agreed that the national gov should assume —- —- and ——- led by ——- agreed to vote for a bill that would place the new capital by —— and ——

assumption bill, southerners, Thomas Jefferson, state debt, northerners, Hamilton, Virginia, Maryland

the second part of Hamiltons plan calls for the establishment of the —- —- —- —-, he wanted it not to be just one bank but a —— of banks with branch banks in —- ——.

bank of the us, system, major cities

branch banks would be safe places for —- —— to deposit money and the banks were safe from —- ——.

tax collectors, shutting down

when the government wanted to —- —- the —- —- could handle that by sending —- instead of shipping gold or silver if the central bank didn’ t have enough money it could turn to the —- —- for help

transfer money, branch banks, checks, branch banks

the nation bank would provide a —— —— —— so currency would have the same —- in every state and people would now have more —— in paper money and people would prefer —- —- to money printed by state or local banks

sound uniform currency, value, faith, bank notes

Hamilton predicted that small —- —- would now close and other banks would work —- to win the publics ——

unstable banks, hard, confidence

Hamilton proposed that the central bank should sell —— —- —- at a —— price, jefferson argued that only wealthy people could invest in this bank and therefore they would control the nations —— ——.

shares of stock, high, money supply

Jefferson also argued that the —— —— would have an —— over state and local banks since all —- —— were given to the national bank to —- out so they could make more profit.

national bank, advantage, government funds, loan

Jefferson argued that the national bank was ——— since the constiution did not give the federal government the power to create a bank but hamilton pointed out the —- —— and the fact that ——- was allowed to —— and —— money so through these facts the central bank was formed

unconstitutional, elastic clause, congress, borrow, collect

*—— listened to the debate between hamilton and jefferson and sided with —— so congress granted a —— to the bank of the united states despite strong ——

Washington, hamilton, charter, opposition

*—— —- paper money that has bank of the united states on it

bank notes

*—— —— shares that were bought by investors and businesses to raise money for the government

capital stock

The third part of hamiltons plan called on congress to pass another —- which would force the us to become ——- ——— congress did —- —— his proposal this was considered a —- ——

tariff, economically independent, not consider, protective tariff

*—— —- tax on imported goods just to raise revenue

revenue tariff

*—— —- tax to make imported goods more expensive, so that American would have to buy domestic goods

protective tariff

Hamilton urged congress to establish the —— —- on —— —— which stated that all distillers would have to pay a tax on every gallon —- and ——

excise tax, distilled liquors, produced, sold

The Excise tax hit heavily on the —— —— since they could not ship their —- on the old —— —— to the Atlantic coast they instead turned it into —— and sent it to the eastern sea board to sell for —- —- anyways this was their major source of income and they —— to pay the tax

frontier farmers, corn, difficult trails, whisky, more money, refused

the —- —— occurred in pa and the —— of pa refused to send in the —— to crush the rebellion so prompted by hamilton —— urged —- —- militias to go in and crush the rebellion instead. The significance of this rebellion was the demonstration of —— from the federal government

whisky rebellion, governor, militia, Washington, neighboring states, strength

Reasons hamilton’s financial plan was successful

*by paying off its —— the us showed it was powerful enough to meet its ——

*the national banking system provided a —- —- —-

*the excise tax brought in —— ——

*it extended the influence of the —— to the ——

*benefited all —— not just the ——-

debts, obligations, sound uniform currency, needed revenue, government, frontier, Americans, wealthy

The revolution in France was inspired by the —— —- ——. Their motto was three words —— —— and ——-.

declaration of independence, liberty, equality, fraternity

the revolution soon became a blood bath mobs formed and beheaded those in —— including —— —— and —— —- ——-

nobility, king louis, queen Marie Antoinette

The —- —— of france escaped to —- —- these countries became —— of a similar revolution occuring in their country so it was impossibel for them to remain —— and they were eagar to see the revolution ——

upper class, neighboring countries, horrified, neutral, crushed

In response to this widely expressed concern the governments of —- —- and other European nations went to —- against the —— —- —-

great Britain, war, republic of france

*—— —- —— the rebellion and mob groups that ran France during the revolution

republic of france

American could not remain untouched by the —— —— the french seized american ships carrying —— to great britian, and the british seized ships that were carrying goods to —— or its colonies they would also typically carry out ——- making it difficult for american to remain ——.

french revolution, goods, france, impressment, neutral

*——- meant kidnapped (American sailors were kidnapped to serve in the British navy)

impressed

*Hamilton and his followers sided with ——- and Jefferson and his followers sided with ——-

great britian, france

according to the —- —- ——- the US was obligated to defend the french west indes but if they were to do so then they would be declaring —- against —- —- and america was not —— enough to do this

treaty of 1778, war, great britian, strong

*—- —— was a minister from france who came to visit ——- and remind him of the —- —- —— but he told washington he was not ——- to follow this and defend the —— —— all france wanted him to do was —— the american —- —- to french naval vessels and privateers, however this presented the same issue in that it would declare war against great britian

Edmond genet, Washington, treaty of 1778, obligated, west indes, open, sea ports

Many american sided with —- and weren’t afriad of going to war with —- —- but other americas were —- with great britian and urged washington to —- — with France, but doing this would put us at war with —— which wasn’t any better

genet, great Britain, friendly, cut ties, france

washington made the smart choice backed by his —— and —— the pressures from both sides and issued the ——- —- —— which forbid ameircan citizens to give —- —- on land or at sea to any of the waring nations

cabinet, ignored, proclamations of neutrality, active support

Congress supported the proclamation of neutrality by passing the —— ——

neutrality act

In spite of the —- —- war with Great Britian seemed inevitable since to save the —- —- france for the first time let —- trade with the —- ——. The british decided that if this wasn’t permited in peace times then it shouldn’t be during —- —— this made americans —— and lead to calls for —- ——

neutrality act, west indes, america, west indes, war times, angary, military action

americans began to —- on village greens they —- their harbors and began to build ——-, congress closed all —- —- and talked of forbidding americans from buying —- ——

drill, fortified, warships, American ports, British products

washington sent —— —- to try and settle the differences between the US and great britiain

John Jay

Jay was sucessful in forming a treaty to prevent the war which was called —- —— under the treaty Britain won the right to —- —- in all american ports, great britian promised to —- —- from certain forts they held in the ——— ——, and the british insited upon the right of british —- —- to carry on their business in american territory (while this was all good —— remained unsettled)

Jay’s Treaty, trade freely, withdraw troops, northwestern frontier, fur traders, impressment

many americans were —— by jays treaty because it was only —- sucessful, but it prevented war with —- — and also prompted —— to take action to help the us

disappointed, partly, great britian, spain

New of jays treaty came as a —- to spain because just before spain had singed an agreement with —— and so this treaty would put spain at war with —- ——. When the US and great britain settled their differences spain then acted to —— —- —- in the war that spain and france were now wadging against great britian

blow, france, great Britain, ensure American neutrality

In —— —— which was negotiated by —— —— the —— granted the americans everything they had been demanding since 1783

pickney’s treaty, Thomas Pinckney, Spaniards

The provisions of Picnkney’s treaty:

*settled the dispute between the US and spain over boundaries btw —— and ——

*spain agreed to curb —- —— upon settlements in georgia and the —— ——

*spain gave americans the right to navigate the —— —- without paying a —— to spain

Florida, Georgia, Indian attacks, western lands, Mississippi river, tax

navigating the Mississippi river freely allowed american to transfer goods to the port city of —- ——

new Orleans

*—— —- —- not having to pay spain to use the new orleans as a port

right of deposit

Using the Mississippi freely was important to —— —— who floated their heavy products on —— to —- —- where they sold the products on put them on ships headed to —— or the —- —- ——. The only problem was that rafts couldn’t be sent —— so they would have to be dismantled and the —— was then —— in new Orleans wasn’t a —- method but better than sending them by mul over the —— and assured western farmers that Spain would no longer —— to close their vital —- —-

western farmers, rafts, new Orleans, Europe, Atlantic coast ports, upstream, lumber, sold, perfect, mountains, threaten, trade route

George Washington decided —- to run a —— —— and went home to Virginia but he was troubled by two things bitter disagreements between ——- and —— and he was troubled by the ——- the US had with —— ——

not, third term, hamilton, jefferson, relations, other nations

In his farewell address washington urged americans to not form —— —— and to not form —— —— with foreign nations

political parties, permeant alliances

two political parties started to form around —— and ——- even during ——- reelection

hamilton, jefferson, washington’s

*——- —— was backed by thomas jefferson and his followers

george clinton

the —— —— was mainly hamiltons followers which consisted of the —— and —— hamilton beleived that —— people could not govern themselves, he also wanted a —— federal government

federalist party, wealthy, influential, ordinary, strong

The ——- —— —— was jeffersons followers just called the —- —— some were wealthy but most were —— and —— ——- he wanted this group of people the majority of the countries —— to have power in the ——- and he thought there should be a limited —— —— and strong —— —-

democratic republican party, republican party, farmers, wadge earners, population, country, federal government, state government

John Adams was apart of the —— party he was quoted with saying that the —— represents the —— the —- —- and the ——

federalist, federalists, rich, well born, able

Hamilton believed in a —— —— of the —— which meant that there was room for —— of the words of the constitution

loose interpretation, constitution, interpretation

Jefferson believed in a —- —— of the —— which meant there was no —— just based on what it said —-

strict interpretation, constitution, subjectivity, directly

Since this point in time American political life has revolved around the —- —- —- however back then they were just ——- ——- —— centering around leaders of different political beleifs. Eventually —- —— also developed if they felt the two major parties were —— certain issues

two party system, loosely grouped alliances, third parties, neglecting

The election of —— was the first election with —- —— . The federalist party nominated —- —— for president and —— —— for vice president. The republican party nominated —— —— for president and —— —— as vice president

1796, political parties, John Adams, Thomas Pinckney, Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Bur

An issue at this time was —— —— this meant that the —- leaned federalist and the —- leaned republican and the candidates represented regional interests this is why often the candidates for president and vice president would be from different regions as a way to —- —- —-

sectional tensions, north, south, balance the ticket

Another main issue in this election was —— —— it was the first election with organized party competition and —— played a major role in both attack and support

partisan conflict, newspapers

At this time out of all four candidates the winner of the —- —- was named president and the runner up was named vice president regardless of what —— —— they were from. When —— —- won the election but —— —— won vice president that caused issues. This paved the way for the —- —— which required separate votes be cast for president and vice president

electoral college, political party, Jhon Adams, Thomas Jefferson, 12th amendment

John Adams was frustrated with his vice president but didn’t have time to worry about it because the US was headed towards ——. Relations with —— had become every bad and their navy sized —- —- trying to trade with —- ——. During Washingtons administration the French —— to receive a diplomate who was sent to smooth things over.

war, France, American ships, great Britain, refused

John Adams tried once more to smooth things over with France but this lead to the —— ——. He sent over three —— to paris to reach an agreement with france but they were each visited —— by french officails who did not reveal their ——. Instead they demanded that the US —— —— to france for remarks made by admas in a speech to congress, that the US must grant a —— to France, and that they must pay france ——- as a bribe. This news came as an —- and made many americans demand —-

XYZ Affair, Americans, privately, names, publicly apologize, loan, 250,000, insult, war

After the XYZ affair the government created a ——, they built ——, —- —— and strengthened the ——. Although there was no formal declaration technically america was at —- with —— during this time ad within a month we had captured over 80 —- ——

navy, warships, fortified harbors, army, war, france, french warships

although many members of his party were —— he —- —— adam decided to —- —- —-. This was the right decision but cost him is ——-

demanding, declare war, push for peace, popularity

Adam sent another group of ——- to Paris but this time they met with a new leader —- —— who had —— the government of France and wanted to start his rule free of —— —— so he was very eager to reach settlement with ——-

commissioners, napoleon Bonaparte, overthrown, foreign conflicts, america

The US and France agreed to abandon the —- —- —— the us agreed to drop its claims against France for illegally —— —- —- even though france —— to seize ships trading with —— —— after this point

treaty of 1778, seizing American ships, continued, great Britain