Ap Human Vocab 2.1-2.9

Agricultural Revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface that has permanent human settlement.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable agriculture

Epidemiologic Transition

This is a model used to describe the different types of diseases areas will encounter depending on development level… Communicable disease/pathogens in LDC's and degenerative diseases in MDC's.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Census

the official count of a population

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods during the 18th century.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Life Expectancy

The average age individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders, and even between races.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Malthusian Theory

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

Demography

The study of human populations, including their temporal and spatial dynamics.

Midlatitudes

the regions between 30 degrees north and 60 degrees north, and between 30 degrees south and 60 degrees south

Dependency Ratio

The ration of the number of people who are either too old or young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor.

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Dependent population

Individuals who are 0-14 and over 65 are considered dependents

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The difference between the number of births and number of deaths within a particular country and excludes migration.

Doubling Time

the time required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely.

Neo-Malthusians

People who advocate of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations.

Overpopulation

A value judgement based on the notion that the resources of a particular area are not great enough to support that area's current population.

Pandemic

An epidemic is a sudden disease outbreak that affects a large number of people in a particular region, community, or population.

Physiological Density

The percentage of people per area of arable land.

Population Pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

Potential Workforce

people ages 15-64 that are expected to be the society's labor force

Redistricting

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.

Sex Ratio

the number of males per one hundred females in the population.

Social Stratification

the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A term suggesting a population in equilibrium, fully stable in births equaling deaths.

Thomas Malthus

The author of Essay on the Principle of Population who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically and thereby that; eventually population growth would outpace food production.

E. G. Ravenstein

British demographer who studied internal migration in England. From these studies he created the Laws of Migration with some relevant today

Ester Boserup

Principal critic of Malthusian theory who argued that overpopulation could be solved by increasing the number of subsistence farmers.

Aging population

Population ageing is an increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy

Anti-Natalist Policies

Laws that a government may adopt in order to control their population growth.

Arithmetic Growth

refers to the situation where a population increases by a constant number of persons (or other objects) in each period being analyzed

Carrying capacity

The largest number of people that the environment of a region can support.

Contraception

Methods to prevent pregnancy also known as fertility control.

Demographic accounting equation

An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration.

Demographic Momentum

is the tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

Endemic

• (of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.

Epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Exponential Growth

Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of people is added to a population each year. Exponential growth is compound because the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population.

Family planning services

are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved"

Matriarchal

A form of social organization in which a woman is the head.

Pro-natalist policies

in public policy typically seeks to create financial and social incentives for populations to reproduce, such as providing tax incentives that reward having and supporting children.

Cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit

Baby Boomer

Cohort of individuals born in the USA between 1946 and 1964, just after WWIl in a time of relative peace and prosperity.

Baby Bust (see Gen X below)

Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when the fertility rates in the USA dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life.

Generation X

Term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in theUSA between 1964 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby-boom cohort as they head into their retirement years

Millennials

also known as Generation Y (or simply Gen Y), are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years.

Generation Z

is the demographic cohort after the Millennials. Demographers and researchers typically use the mid-1990s to early-2000s as starting birth years. There is little consensus regarding ending birth years.