His test 1

1492

the year Columbus found the new world

1517

the year Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses

1680

the Pueblo Revolt; the Pueblos united under Hopi’s and attacked missions, killed friars, burned churches, and freed horses (now mustangs)

10,000 BC

the last ice age occurred during this time

barter

exchanging goods/services without money

they did this to buffalo meat

boiled, roasted, or dried

cash crops

crops grown to sell

things brought to the new world from the old world

Chicken, wheat, banana, and rice

clan

a family tribe unit

Colombian Exchange

exchanging of technology, food, animals, and diseases between the old and new world during the age of discovery

Columbo

Columbus’ real last name

Eastern Woodland

longhouses, deer, rabbit, wampum, Iroquios, shamans, afterlife

Eratosthenes

Greek who discovered the circumference of the globe via geometry (40,030km)

feudalism

European government system

Columbus’ birthplace

Genoa, Italy

Gold and spices

the reason Europeans sought a way to China/India

Hopi Way

being in balance with nature and man; people were shunned if they acted cruelly and they taught forgiveness

Isabella

Queen of Spain who favored Columbus’ voyage

kinship

family relationship

Kiva

underground worship area where only men were allowed in the Anasazi

Martin Luther

his 95 Theses split the Church and started the Reformation; German priest

Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

3 ships used by Columbus

Northwest

Lodges, salmon, totem

oral history

stories/history transmitted to the next generation through word of mouth

Plains

sioux, tepees, buffalo, war, sun dance, Wakan Tanka

plantation

farmland used to grow cash crops

crops brought to the old world from the new world

potatoes, corn, beans, and cacao

Reformation

split the Church into different sectors

scarce

almost no supplies

claimed by Pedro Cabral and others

South America

Southwest

Adobe; corn, beans, squash; Kachina dolls; Navajo, Apachi, Anasazi, Hopi

# of fires

# families within a longhouses

Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope Alexander VI splits New World for Portugal and Spain to avoid conflict

Vasco da Gama

sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India; made 60x cost of trip

Wickiups

used as Apache homes

13,000-7,000 BC

settlement of Americas occurred from

land bridge

how people first populated the Americas during the Wisconsin Ice Age

Middle America

the ice reached to

adobe

sun dried brick with straw and mud

# of Indians present north of Mexico in 1492

5-10 million

birch bark canoes were made this way

use thin birch bark and pine pitch as glue to make the canoes

reason Indians weren’t able to keep their land

they fought each other rather than united

1890

year the Indians were completely forced onto reservations

comprised the Iroquois nation

Oneida, Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Tuscarora

longhouses

Eastern Woodland houses

Eastern Woodland beliefs

a great spirit as well and good and evil spirits; also afterlife

Eastern Woodland info

shamans more powerful than chief; they ate deer, squirrel, and rabbit; use wampum (beads used for money)

comprised the Sioux Indians

Dakota and Lakota; Cheyenne and Comanche

how Plains moved their tepees

they folded the hide and used the poles as a platform; also conical shape of tepee kept the tepee from tipping

Plains lived

along rivers and streams

Plains grew

beans, corn, squash

Plains’ main food source

buffalo

made from buffalo

bones: tools; dung: fuel; hair: rope; hide: clothing/tepees

Plains beliefs

animists; believed everything had a spirit

Wakan Tanka

Great Spirit

Sun dance

summer dance that lasted 4 days; was a sacrifice and people would stare at the sun, braves would repeat certain movements, and men would endure chest piercings

Pueblo Indians

Acoma, Hopi, Laguna, Taos, Zia, Zuni; lived in small villages

Anasazi

cliff dwellers

Anasazi ground floor

used for grain storage

unique about Anasazi

made sun-dried pottery; reached height between 900-1500

most famous Apache chief

Geronimo; last to surrender to US army in 1886 to General Crock (1829-1909)

Apache meaning

Enemy; got the name from the Zuni

Apache were

raiders who moved around a lot (so they lived in wickiups); everyone hated them; wore deerskin, not cotton; excellent basket makers; descendant of Athapascan Tribe of western Canada

1865-1890

the Indian Wars

most famous Navajo chief

Manuelito

Navajo

peaceful farmers unless provoked; first to make contact with the Spanish (Coronado’s men 1540)

europeans wanted

gold and souls; thus they treated Indians badly; French idolized Indians however

Hopi

tribe who built walls with mud and stone; their houses were entered through the roof so no windows; they expanded upward

Hopi facts

Had Turkey; 50 different ways to prepare corn (thin bread Piki); shaman is the chief

Kachina spirits

guardian spirits who lived in the mountains; they came down during the winter solstice and didn’t leave bodies till summer

main players in exploration

England, Spain, and France

Portugal

started the exploration

Bartholomeo Dias

sailed to Cape of Good Hope in 1488

early life of Christopher Columbus

Christoforo Columbo born in Genoa and signs to a ship that later gets raided by pirates and shipwrecks in Portugal; makes life for himself

Toscanelli

thought you only needed to sail 3,000 miles west to hit Japan (actually over 24,000 miles)

funded Columbus

Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain fund him with 3 ships to go on his voyage

sailors ate

3.5 liters of wine a day; cheese, sea biscuits, pickled/salted meats, etc.

last time they saw land sailing west

September 9th

October 10th

Mutiny; Columbus has been fudging numbers; “Give me 3 days”

October 12, 1492

Columbus and his sailors found San Salvador

after they found land

Columbus is a terrible administrator; Santa Maria hits sandbar so it is destroyed and a village is made (40 men left); Nina and Pinta are separated in a storm; Columbus becomes famous

Columbus’ second voyage

17 ships, 1000 men; they make it in 21 days; they find the village completely gone and force slaves to find gold

third voyage

1 ship and 2 smaller ones; he lands in South America where he is arrested by Francisco de Bobadilla for hanging Spaniards; he is taken in chains back to Spain (he wants chains left on to show the queen)

fourth voyage

Brings 13 year old Ferdinand who keeps journal; Bobadilla warned of hurricane but he ignores it and all 20 ships go down; Last ship rots so they stay with Indians; Columbus threatens to take away the moon (Lunar Eclipse) when he overstays his welcome; the Indians take him back to his ship; May 20, 1506 Columbus dies thinking he found Asia