PURC FINALS

Electronic mail / e-mail

 is appropriate for short, rapid communications. 

Electronic mail / e-mail

It is not effective for conveying large amounts of information or complex information. It is quick and easy.

memorandum / memo

is used to communicate specific information, usually within a department, or organization.

memorandum / memo

It is more formal than an e-mail, and can be used to transmit more information.

Letters

are the means of formal, professional communication with others outside an organization.

Letters

are used within an organization to formally present a secondary document, such as a committee report.

Letters

can convey more detail than a memo, and should always be used to introduce a resume.

report or paper

One of the most frequent forms of written communication that you will use to complete assignments in your courses. The format for particular assignments will often be given by a professor.

Oral communications

include simple telephone calls, interviews for class projects or research studies, and informal and formal presentations.

Telephone interviews

 are especially useful when distance prevents you from interviewing in person. 

In person interviews

often provide more detailed information because of the more-personalized contact between you and the interviewee.

interview guide

will help you keep the conversation focused and will prevent you from forgetting any important questions.

table

is a convenient way to present data.

graph

 is simply a device to present data. Various types of graphs are utilized to convey various date.

informative title

which should make the tables intelligible without reference to the text.

Graphical excellence

is the well-designed presentation of interesting data - a matter of substance, of statistics, and of design.

Graphical excellence

consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision, and efficiency.

Graphical excellence

 is that which gives the viewer the greatest number of ideas in the shortest time with the least ink in the smallest space.

Graphical excellence

 is nearly always multivariate

Map

is a spatial method of communicating information about a project, process, travel route or idea. 

Spatial

how something is distributed in space or how you get from location A to location B.

Text boxes

These describe the purpose of the map and any other information important for the viewer to understand the map.

Metadata

is data about data. You should include the Projection or Coordinate system used.

Coordinate system

notions must include the Datum and the zone number

Citation

is an integral component of formal, professional communication. Although perhaps most strongly associated with written work, citation is important in oral and graphic communication also.

citation

must provide all of the details necessary to find a referenced piece of literature.

Humanities

 typically use footnotes

natural sciences

typically use parenthetical references.

Plagiarism

is presenting someone else's ideas, work, or words as if they were your own. 

Plagiarism

includes copying from a source without citing it, using the same words without using quotation marks (even with a citation), or improperly paraphrasing (re- wording) another's work.

public service announcement

 commonly known by the PSA acronym, is a message spread in the interest of the public.

public service announcement

The objectives are to raise awareness and change public attitudes, opinions, or even behavior towards an issue. These messages can be instructional, inspirational, or even shocking to elicit emotion and action.

public service announcement

Often in the form of commercials and print ads

public service announcement

are created to persuade an audience to take a favorable action. 

public service announcement

can create awareness, show the importance of a problem or issue, convey information, or promote a behavioral change.

public service announcement

 create a forum for learners to actively participate in a project that allows them to become stewards of- and advocates for - social change.

public service announcement

 came into being with the entry of the United States into World War II.

Advertising Council

now serves as a facilitating agency and clearing house for nationwide campaigns that have become a familiar part of daily life. 

Smokey the Bear

 was invented by the Ad Council to personify its "Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires" campaign

A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste

raised millions for the United Negro College Fund

Fight Cancer with a Checkup and a Check

by American Cancer Society's, raised public awareness as well as funds for research and patient services.

writing a research paper

One of the most common tasks that students will encounter throughout your academic career

research paper

will require patience and rigorous discipline, but hopefully the process will also enable you to pick up a few helpful skills along the way.

Research papers

 go by a surprising number of names, from the ordinary critical essay to the ubiquitous term paper to the more daunting thesis or dissertation.

Research papers

there is a set of core principles that define and differentiate the research paper from other forms of composition writing.

research paper

is primarily characterized by its use of data gathered from a wide range of sources to clarify, analyze, expound on, discover, discuss, and debate an idea.

research paper

 it entails undertaking a scholarly endeavor and acquainting yourself with the variety of materials at your disposal to support their claims.

research paper

goes beyond mere report writing, as it is reading and writing.

research paper

can be written across disciplines, regardless of the subject area.

analytical research paper

is one that uses evidence to study the facets involved in an issue or topic. 

analysis

entails breaking up a concept into component parts, and restructuring them from your own perspective into a composite whole.

Analytical paper

requires a writer to go beyond parts and subject the components to close scrutiny and interpretation.

Analytical paper

it is with the understanding that you are not making judgments on the topic per se, but that you are going to explore a topic for the purpose of being able to draw reasonable conclusions at the end.

argumentative papers

require you to take a stand on an issue and defend it.

argumentative papers

it is clear from the start that you are advocating for something, and more importantly, you want your reader to share your opinion, and will present evidence to make your stand convincing.

abstract

is the little bit of everything.

abstract

It has concise statements that contain the summary of the contents of the paper. 

Keywords

are terminologies that are used to retrieve the paper. it is essential to easily acquire the research manuscript among the pool of research work.

Introduction

 This part enables the reader to understand the context or territory of the study. This is where we can read the trends and issues, objectives and main contributions of the study.

Literature Review

This serves as the foundation of the research for it states how and why researchers come up with the topic objectives.

Research Methods

This will help to systematize your research by forcing you to identify what kind of data you will need for your paper and what is the best way to go about getting it. 

Research Methods

This part of the paper will provide sufficient information for the reader to duplicate the study and replicate the results.

Results

This presents the findings which are clearly and simply stated. This should be brief and direct

Discussion

 This is where results should be communicated

Conclusion

This section enumerates the principal findings of the research. This answers the objectives of the study.

Recommendation

In paragraph form, this section presents where the results of the study are directed.

Acknowledgement

This page mentions the assistance received from the advisers, professors and others to whom the researchers wish to express appreciation.

Acknowledgement

 This provides the opportunity to thank and recognize those who have assisted or contributed to the study but are not named as co- authors.

References

The reference section should begin on a new page with the title bold and left indented.

Communication skills

are necessary for the development of self-advocacy and self- determination for a lifelong success.

verbal

(sounds, language, and tone of voice)

aural

(listening and hearing)

non-verbal

(facial expressions, body language, and posture)

written

(journals, emails, blogs, and text messages)

visual

(signs, symbols, and pictures)

Facial expressions

are the most common form of non-vebal communication. Countless emotions can be expressed through them without saying a word.

Body movements and posture

We consciously or unconsciously communicate to the world through the way we move and carry ourselves. The way others sit, walk, stand up, or hold their head may convey meaning that affected our perceptions of them.

Gestures

Misinterpretation might occur when we are insensitive with our gestures that can have different meaning across cultures and regions

Eye contact

is an essential type of non-verbal communication. We can communicate many things including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction by the way we simply look or stare at someone.

Haptic communication

is a means where people or animal communicate through the sense of touch. 

Touching

is the most effective way to communicate our feelings and emotions.

Space (Chronemics)

This non-verbal communication refers to physical space. The need differs depending on the culture, situation, and closeness of the relationship. We can use physical space to communicate many different non-verbal messages

Voice (Paralanguage)

Even when we do not talk or say a word, we can communicate through our voice. Important communication elements are the verbal speech sounds

sender

develops the content of the message. In the process, the sender decides on the medium and the format

sender

then transmits the communication by the relevant communication channel 

Good communication

ensures that you are being heard. You can then influence your environment according to your own goals and requirements.

Listening skills

are just as important as communication skills in delivering message. This allows full understanding of the other party and what their response is to your point of view.

Good listening

 is vital for building strong relationships.

workplace document

 is any document that provides steps or gives instructions to carry out tasks that contains technical details. All workplaces use documents to record their business activities.

Messages

come in all sorts of formats. It can be a simple phone message to an email or a short message left for a work colleague. 

Memorandum / memo

is a workplace document that sends information to people in your organization about a work related topic.

Agenda

is a list of topics that are planned to be discussed at a meeting. 

Agenda

It is used a guide to the Chairperson of a meeting, to keep the meeting "on track". 

minutes of the meeting

They are a "formal" record of what took place in a meeting. Consider the following questions in writing

minutes of the meeting

 are the record of the matters that are discussed during a meeting. 

Meeting notes

serve as a record of the meeting long after people forget what happened.