KMS but at least we'll be in London

Absolutism

a political or philosophical doctrine that advocates for unlimited, centralized authority and absolute sovereignty- age of absolutism (2 revolutions, 1 bloody and 1 bloodless)

English Civil War

a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England from 1642 to 1651.

Reformation

the 16th-century religious and political movement that broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church. Medieval reformers, the printing press (and more access to the Bible), Renaissance Humanists, and church abuses.

Church of England (Anglicanism)

Created by Henry VIII so that he could divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Changed England from a Catholic country to a Protestant one. King (or Queen) of England and the Archbishop are heads of the church.

Puritanism

the idea of "cleansing" the Church of England of former Roman Catholic policies. 16th-17th century

Methodism

a Protestant Christian tradition whose origins, doctrines, and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley. Emphasizes that God's grace is available to everyone, the importance of a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, and the belief that faith must be actively expressed through love and social justice.

Tower of London

Symbol of the monarchy coming to Parliament. The new monarch would have a procession from here to Westminster Abbey.

St. Paul's Cathedral

the cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London in the Church of England. Iconoclasm deeply affected the interior.

Religious warfare

Justifications include strong belief in the cause, rebellion against the monarch/government, "they were heathens, we are warriors of God", etc.

Mercantilism

an economic system that emphasized exports and decreased imports. Often included tariffs and strong government influence in the economy. Zero-sum game (total net value of the system remains unchanged), is a big part of this.

War Capitalism

economic system driven by violence, forced labor, and imperial control rather than free markets. First emerging during the Age of Exploration, it relied heavily on armed conquest and slavery to build wealth. Modern industrial capitalism grew directly from this foundation.

East India Company

a joint-stock company and government monopoly dealing with Asia. 1600-1874

Anthropocene

The geological epoch of significant human impact on the Earth and its ecosystems.

Columbian Exchange

bringing new products to and from the colonies. Brought smallpox, bananas, and sugar cane to the New World. Returned with alfalfa, potatoes, chili peppers.

Kew Gardens

Intensely connected to slavery. Grew sugarcane and rubber, which were heavily used for the Industrial Revolution.

Christianity and slavery

"We are God's chosen people."

Transatlantic slave trade

3.5 million slaves transported on British ships. Europeans are not typically the ones enslaving, just transporting.

Barbados

major place for slaves to be sent to farm sugarcane.

Edward Colston and the statue

a very wealthy, very prominent figure in Bristol. Prominent slave trader, statue vandalized and removed by an angry mob in 2020, advocating for the Black Lives Matter movement.

Carl Linnaeus and conceptions of race

revolutionary Swedish biologist, physician, and zoologist widely known as the "father of modern taxonomy. (Binomial nomenclature and defining race in a racist way).

Imperial legacies of racism today

systemic racism, wealth gaps.

British Museum

A collection of things gained from conquest by the British.

Epistomology

the study of how we acquire knowledge.

Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe was an irreversible break with the natural philosophy that had preceded it, fundamentally changing how the natural world was investigated and understood.

Enlightenment

kicks off in France, but is big in Scotland, London, Germany, the United States (North American Colonies), mainly northern Europe

Francis Hutcheson

Key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. "How do societies function?"

Henry Home (Lord Kames)

Believed that the goal of the Enlightenment is to continue progressing for human happiness.

Religion and the Enlightenment

promoted religious tolerance and questioned blind faith.

Enlightened Despotism

a form of absolute monarchy in 18th-century Europe where rulers used Enlightenment principles—such as reason, education, and secularism—to improve their nations while strictly retaining all sovereign power.

Napoleon and his tomb

Emperor of the French from 18 May 1804 until his first abdication in 1814. The arrival of his body back to Paris is a grand event known as the "retour des cendres" (Return of the Ashes).

Enclosure

Changing communal, public farming land into private property. Spanned over the 12th-19th centuries. Increased food production

Cotton

revolutionized the global textile industry. Made clothing easier to manufacture and more wearable.

Great Divergence

the socioeconomic shift in which the Western world overcame pre-modern growth constraints and emerged as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization.

French Revolution - causes and stages

Four stages- 1. National Assembly (1789-1792), 2. The Convention (1792-1794), 3. The Directory (1795-1799), 4. The Napoleonic Era (1799-1815).

Declaration of the Rights of Man

a human and civil rights document from the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Woman

written on 14 September 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

1832 Revolt

anti-monarchist insurrection of Parisian republicans on 5 and 6 June 1832. Event that inspired Les Mis.

Chartism

a working-class movement for political reform in the United Kingdom that lasted from 1838 to 1857 and was strongest in 1839, 1842, and 1848.

Conservatism vs Liberalism vs Radicalism

Conservatism aims to preserve traditions, liberalism promotes individual rights and gradual reform, and radicalism demands rapid, fundamental structural changes to achieve a more equal society.

Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto

Writer of the Communist Manifesto, directing politics in an extreme radical way. Believed that the working man had no country (their loyalty lie with the other people).

Labor Unions

a group to protect employees from employers, provides collective bargaining for better working conditions

Emmeline Pankhurst and the Feminist movement

Head of the Feminist Movement, brought the slogan "Deeds, not words". Central in the UK during the first wave of feminism.

James Watt and steam power

engineer and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776

Industrial Revolution

Increases production of goods, provides new ways to become wealthy, new middle class.

Lord Nelson

Royal Navy officer whose leadership, grasp of strategy, and unconventional tactics led to multiple decisive British naval victories during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

Royal Observatory Greenwich

Prime Meridian. Britain's oldest scientific institution.

Irish potato famine

a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852. It constituted a major historical social crisis and had a significant impact on Irish society and history.

Irish emigration

Caused by many factors including the potato famine. Emigrated to Canada, United States, Australia, and other European countries.

Easter Rising

Start of the Irish Revolution in 1916. Happening in Dublin, it was the start of the Irish receding from the UK while they were distracted by World War 1.

The Troubles

ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted for about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998.

Causes of World War I

MAIN. Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Causation in history - three different big ideas

History is driven by individual people (great man theory; Napoleon, George Washington), ideologies (religion, structural forces that drive history, class structure), and mistakes or quirks

Battles of Ypres

World War I military campaigns fought near the Belgian city of Ieper (Ypres) between 1914 and 1918

Trench warfare and war technology

a defensive military strategy where combatants occupy fortified, dug-in lines to shelter from enemy firepower. Machine gun was a triumph of the Industrial Revolution.

Lost generation

Generation after World War 1 that seems to have lost or stolen their way in life.

Outcomes of World War I

Ended with the Treaty of Versailles, which the United States didn't sign. Created the League of Nations so that another war like this wouldn't happen again, which the United States also didn't join.

Indian Mutiny of 1857

an anti-British, but not nationalist, uprising across India, although uncoordinated and lacked a unified ideology (no sense of "Indianness"). It was brought on by British presence in India that made numerous negative changes to the Indian way of life (disregard for social and cultural norms, forcing nomadic communities to stay put, etc.)

The Raj - main features

Promises more economic development for the benefit of the people in India. However, most people didn't experience an increased standard of living. The Great Famine also occurred, causing 5 million people to die.

Amritsar Massacre

Peaceful protestors in India are murdered by British troops until they ran out of ammunition. Occured in April 1919 and fueled the Indian Independence movement.

Mohandas Gandhi and Satyagraha

Gandhi = proponent of non-violent protest to achieve Indian independence from Britain. Educated in the UK, lawyer in South Africa, becomes a global hero and a model for how to oppose imperial forces peacefully. Satyagraha: Gandhi's coined term for an insistence on Truth or Truth-Force - in other words, his philosophy of resisting oppression through non-violent means.

Civilizing Mission (White Man's Burden)

the idea that white people/those of European descent have the duty to "civilize" other parts of the world, AKA bringing education, medicine, religion, etc.

Fascism - main features

Intense nationalism, one-party dictatorship, corporatist economic system, education and technology, social welfare.

Soviet socialism/communism - main features

state-intervention/planned economy, large scale social welfare policies, rejection of real democracy, curtailed civil liberties, terror and violence used against enemies, youth programs, promise for a better future.

Totalitarianism

Rejection of democracy that typically includes a charismatic leader. A system of government where the state seeks to assert total, unlimited control over both public and private life. Think 1984.

World War II - causes and general overview

Catalyst was invasion of Poland, but mostly was caused by the fact that there was unresolved tension from World War 1, plus the rapid uprising of facism from the Axis powers.

Operation Dynamo (Dunkirk)

More than 380,000 Allied soldiers evacuated from the northern shores of France.

Operation Overlord

Codename for the Battle of Normandy, launched the successful liberation of France. This is the overall term for the months long liberation; D-day is specifically June 6th, 1940.

Resistance and collaboration in France during WWII

Split into occupied and free zone. Many French citizens collaborated with the Nazis out of fear for survival.

The Holocaust

The deportation of millions of Jews to concentration camps where they were left in unfit condition and many of them killed.

Outcomes of World War II

German & Japanese empires broken up, anticolonial movements quickly press for national self-determination, war crimes rob the West of claims to civilizational superiority, UN is created to avert future wars, fascism is discredited, and the Cold War emerges.

British army perspective on the American Revolution

Saw it as a civil war almost, as the colonies were under their rule.

New Model Army - significance

Created by Parliament in 1645 and pioneered professionalism, merit-based promotion, and centralized funding in military history. Introduction of standing armies within countries.

Winston Churchill --WWII leadership and the start of the Cold War

Led England through WW2, successfully navigating relationships with the United States and the Soviet Union. Lost the election near the end of the war, being replaced by Atley. Iron Curtain speech at Westminster College talking about the divide between Eastern and Western Europe. Was reelected

Division of Germany

Soviet Union gets 40%, France, UK, and US get the other 60% divided amongst them. Berlin is similarly divided. Intended to be a temporary solution, but they couldn't agree on how Germany should be. Stalin wants a weak, demilitarized, neutral Germany, while the US wants a strong democracy that can help protect itself and surrounding countries from Soviet influence (communism).

Economic Miracle

basically proof that capitalism works. The gap between economic performance in capitalist Western countries compared to the communist Soviet Union widened significantly by the 70s or 80s.

Kwame Nkrumah and decolonization

part of the Non-Aligned Movement, president of Ghana for a long time, highlighted the African identity and was a major proponent of Pan-Africanism and African unity post decolonization.

Mau Mau Uprising

Black Kenyans rose up against the British. In return, the British employed some really horrible tactics against them and eventually put down the rebellion, but ended up deciding to give Kenya independence eventually anyways.

Nelson Mandela and apartheid

Nelson Mandela = first Black president of South Africa, major leader in the South African fight against apartheid, admired Gandhi and attempted non-violent protest at first before resorting to more aggressive forms of protest, jailed for a long time. Apartheid: legal system of white supremacy/a system of laws based on race. Examples include where you can live or swim, what jobs you can have, etc.

End of the Cold War and expansion of the European Union

Created in the 1950s to foster economic cooperation and prevent war. The idea is that their economies are too intertwined for war to make sense. Soviet economic struggles led to the end of the Cold War and the splitting of the USSR.