Unit 4: Diabetes

diabetes

disease where the body’s response to insulin is impaired. associated with an increase in glucose in the blood and urine.

type 1

the body attacks insulin-making cells, leading to no insulin being released and a buildup

type 2

insulin resistance

gestational

diabetes that develops during pregnancy but resolves after childbirth

mechanical digestion

chewing to make particles smaller. increases the surface area, making digestion easier

chemical digestion

enzymes break down food particles even more

enzyme

proteins that bring substrates together, making it easier to form a final product

peptide bond

covalent bond that links 2 amino acids together

catalysts

substrate that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

induced fit model

states that an enzyme changes shape when substrates bind to facilitate a reaction

promiscuous

a protein that binds to many molecules

activation energy

energy required to break reactant bonds

digestive enzymes

break down polymers to monomers or dimers

starch, cellulose, glycogen

What are the polymers of carbs?

glucose, fructose

What are the monomers of carbs?

Nucleotide

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

DNA, RNA

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

saturated fat

triglycerides where the fatty acid chains contain only single bonds between carbon atoms

triglyceride

a type of lipid (fat) that is formed from one glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid chains

unsaturated fat

a type of fatty acid containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its hydrocarbon chain

polar

bond where electrons are NOT shared evenly

non-polar

bond where there’s equal sharing of electrons

rule of 5

if there are 5 Carbons in row with NO PARTIAL CHARGE (e.g. not bound to N or O), then the molecule ACTS NONPOLAR

carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the polar molecules?

fatty acids

What molecule is NOT polar?

microvilli

intestinal cells that increase the surface area for better absorbtion of nutrients

hydrophobic

“hating water” — phospholipid tail

hydrophilic

“loving water” — phospholipid head

transmembrane proteins

proteins that span the entire membrane and help molecules enter cells

channel protein

tunnel through the membrane

carrier protein

requires binding to activate and let a molecule through the membrane

aka. chaperone proteins in blood

pumps

utilize active transport to go against the concentration gradient

diffusion

movement from high concentrations to low concentrations

facilitated diffusion

diffusion that needs a protein to go with the gradent (passive)