Petrology & Mineralogy 1

b

1. Naturally-occurring solid material consisting of one or more minerals.

a. atom d. igneous rock

b. rock e. ion

c. mineral

b

2. States that the physical and chemical processes that have acted throughout geologic time are the same processes that are observable today.

a. plate tectonics d. Darwinianism

b. uniformitarianism e. volcanology

c. buoyancy

c

3. Theory that the earth's surface is made up of separate, rigid plates moving and floating over another, less rigid layer of rock.

a. equal density d. Pangeanism

b. continental drift e. subduction

c. plate tectonics

a

4. Theory by Alfred Wegener which states that today's continents were once joined together into one large land mass.

a. continental drift d. ground movement

b. Gaia e. none of the above

c. plate tectonics

b

5. Transverse arrangement of laminae to the bedding plane in straight forms or concave forms.

a. multiple laminae d. planar

b. cross bedding e. bedding

c. layering

c

6. Rocks that were changed by any combination of heat, pressure and/or chemical fluids during metamorphism process.

a. volcanic d. foliation

b. plutonic e. schistose

c. metamorphic 

b

7. Resulting parallel, linear alignment of mineral crystals perpendicular or compressional forces.

a. layering b. foliation c. bedding d. strata

c

8. Rocks formed from cooling and crystallization of magma.

a. magmatic b. sedimentary c. igneous d. tektite

a

9. A sheet like body of igneous rock which is discordant or cuts across the bedding or structural planes of the host rock.

a. dike b. pluton c. xenolith d. sill e. column

c

10. A sheet like body of igneous rock which conforms to bedding planes or other structural plane.

a. load cast b. fold c. sill d. extrusive e. intrusive

a

11. Large intrusive mass of igneous rock

a. batholith d. pyroclastic

b. regolithic e. lithosphere

c. lava flow

b

12. Consists of mineral grains or rock fragments derived from the process of mechanical weathering that are transported and deposited as solid particles.

a. sedimentary rock d. silts/clays

b. detrital materials e. weathered rock

c. coarse sand

b

13. Its arrangement in layers or strata.

a. folding d. faulting

b. bedding e. fracturing

c. jointing

c

14. Rolled or billowed surfaces on the underside of such clastic sedimentary rocks as sandstone and siltstone.

a. stylolites d. creep

b. angular fragments e. marks

c. load casts

b

15. Bedding that is less than 1.0 cm. thick.

a. layer b. laminae c. Strata d. fine-bed e. coarse bed

c

16. Grains on a bed are arranged from coarse to fine from bottom to top.

a. laminated d. layered

b. fine-coarse grained e. coarse-grained

c. graded bedding

a

17. Bedding that is 1.0 cm or thicker.

a. strata b. sheeted c. pillow d. fracturing e. joint

a

18. Relatively large crystals which are found set in a fine-grained groundmass.

a. phenocrysts d. matrix

b. quartzite e. quartz

c. marbleized

c

19. An inclusion of pre-existing rock in an igneous rock.

a. inclusion d. pluton

b. mineral grain e. sill

c. xenolith

b

20. Refers to shape, arrangement, and size of mineral grains in a rock; mineral grain size is often used to separate rocks within a particular type of rock.

a. composition d. granularity

b. texture e. fining

c. density

c

21. What is the coarse-grained equivalent of the igneous rock andesite?

a. gabbro d. basalt

b. intermediate rock e. none of the above

c. diorite

c

22. Commonly clay size or colloidal size crystalline texture of sedimentary rocks.

a. pisolitic d. none of the above

b. oolitic e. rounded

c. amorphous

d

23. Coarse > 2mm with large grains, rounded fragments sedimentary rock.

a. coarse rock d. conglomerate

b. sandstone e. granule

c. breccia

c

24. Coarse > 2mm with large grains, angular fragments sedimentary rock.

a. coarse rock d. conglomerate

b. sandstone e. granule

c. breccia

b

25. Low temperature and high pressure metamorphic facies. Occurs only in areas of abnormally low geothermal gradients. P >4 kb and T 200-450 degrees C. Name from the blue mineral glaucophane.

a. marble d. red schist

b. blueschist e. none of the above

c. greenschist

a

26. Low temperature and pressure facies of regional metamorphism. P 3-8 kb and T 300-500 degrees C. Characterized by the green minerals chlorite, epidote and actinolite.

a. greenschist d. phyllite

b. blueshcist e. metablast

c. slate

b

27. Zone characterized by a certain mineral or assemblage of minerals which differ from those originally present in the protolith (starting material). Index Mineral - The mineral that characterizes each contact metamorphic zone.

a. meta-zone d. hot zone

b. metamorphic aureole e. none of the above

c. metamorphic sole

c

28. Alteration of rocks at or near the contact of a cooling pluton. Most important agents of metamorphism are heat and circulating fluids. Pressures usually less important, often in the range from 1-3 kilobars. Temperatures 300-800 degrees C. Produces a series of zones characterized by the presence of one or more diagnostic minerals.

a. regional metarmorphism d. local metamorphism

b. dynamic metamorphism e. none of the above

c. contact metamorphism

c

29. Metamorphism along fault zones in response to pressure. Involves a brittle deformation of the rock during which it is ground into fine particles. Heat and chemical fluids are less important.

a. regional metamorphism d. local metamorphism

b. contact metamorphism e. none of the above

c. dynamic metamorphism

b

30. Naturally-occurring molten material beneath the Earth's surface.

a. lava b. magma c. flow d. igneous rock e. plates

b

a. _________ - majority of crystal grains are of a uniform size and large enough to be identifiable without a microscope. This occurs when magma cools slowly

a. ultramafic d. mafic

b. phaneritic e. glassy

c. fine-grained

a

b. __________ - very small crystals, which are generally not identifiable without strong magnification, develop when molten material cools quickly, or very near the earth's surface

a. aphanitic d. phaneritic

b. porhyritic e. none of the above

c. detrital

e

c. __________ - two very contrasting size of crystals are caused by magma having different rates of cooling. The larger crystals are termed phenocrysts; and the smaller surrounding crystals are termed groundmass (or matrix)

a. phaneritic d. coarse-grained

b. aphanitic e. porphyritic

c. conchoidal

c

d. _________- no mineral crystals develop because of rapid cooling

a. crystal d. quartzy

b. detrital e. none of the above

c. glassy

f

e. _________ - the rock contains broken, angular fragments of rocky materials produced during an explosive volcanic eruption

a. porphyry d. conchoidal

b. phaneritic e. coarse-grained

c. aphanitic f.fragmental

b

a. _________- a mixture of both light colored and dark-colored minerals. Dark minerals comprise about 15% to 45% of these rocks

a. felsic d. ultramafic

b. intermediate e. none of the above

c. mafic

d

b. _________ - composed almost entirely of the dark-colored minerals pyroxene and olivine, these rocks are rarely observed on Earth's surface

a. darkest d. ultramafic

b. light e. none of the above

c. mafic

c

c. ______- composed mainly of the light colored mineral quartz and potassium feldspars. Dark colored minerals account for less than 15% of the minerals in rocks found in this group

a. darkest d. light color

b. mafic e. none of the above

c. felsic

c

d._______- dark-colored minerals such as pyroxene and olivine account for over 45% of the composition of these rocks

a. felsic d. ultramafic

b. intermediate e. none of the above

c. mafic

b

a. _______ - commonly clay size or colloidal size crystalline a. oolitic d. brecciatic

b. amorphous e. blastic

c. spherulitic

a

b. ______ - small spheres or ellipsoidal fish-roe like aggregates, about 0.25-2.0mm diameter

a. oolitic d. brecciatic

b. pisolitic e. blastic

c. spherulitic

e

c. ______ - similar ot oolitic but greater than 2.0mm diameter a. oolitic d. brecciatic

b. amorphous e.pisolitic

c. none of the above

c

d. _______ - spheres with radiating internal structure

a. oolitic d. brecciatic

b. amorphous e. blastic

c. spherulitic

e

e. _______ - fine, equigranular

a. oolitic d. pisolitic

b. amorphous e. saccharoidal

c. spherulitic

a

f. _______ - larger crystals embedded in a fine-grained groundmass or matrix

a. porphyroblast d. brecciatic

b. meta-rock e. blastic

c. spherulitic

b

4. The texture of metamorphic rocks are subdivided into two. What are these? (2pts)

a. ______ - mineral crystals are either elongated or have sheet structure and are arranged in a parallel or layered manner

a. linear d. non-foliated

b. foliated e. none of the above

c. cleavage

d

______ - more on mineral composition, no elongation, non-sheeted

a. layers d. non-foliated

b. foliated e. none of the above

c. cleavage

c

It is an amorphous mineral that occurs in compact, smooth, rounded masses or in soft earthy masses. No cleavage, it has a hardness of 5.5; sp. Gr. 3.5 to 4.0; rusty or blackish color; and earthy luster gives a yellow brown streak.
a. Sedirite c. Limonite
b. Kaolinite d. Biotite

b

It has dogtooth flat hexagonal crystals with excellent cleavage, hardness of 3; sp. gr. 2.72; colorless or white. Impurities show colors of yellow, orange, brown and green, transparent to opaque with vitreous or mill luster and major constituents of limestone and reacts strongly in dilute hydrochloric acid.
a. Gypsum c. Mica
b. Calcite d. Quartz

c

Common in acid igneous, metamorphic and clastic rocks, veins, and geodes. It has a hardness of 7 width specific gravity of 2.65, commonly colorless or white, vitreous to greasy luster; transparent to opaque and the most common of all minerals.
a. Galena c. Quartz
b. Feldspar d. Gypsum

c

Coarse-grained igneous rocks consisting essentially of quartz (20-40%), alkali feldspar and very common mica (biotite or muscovite), accessory mineral may be present including apatite zircon and magnesite.
a. rhyolite c. quartz diorite
b. gabbro d. Granite

c

Chemical formula for Orthoclase.
a. [Kal2(AlSi3O10)OH2] c. KalSi3O8
b. NaAlSi3O8 d. CaAl2Si2O8

a

Chief ore of lead.
a. Galena c. Bornite
b. Stibnite d. Argentite

c

Alumino-silicate minerals or either Potassium, sodium and calcium well formed monoclinic or triclinic crystals with good cleavage. It has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 sp. gr. of 2.5 to 2.7.
a. Micas c. Feldspar
b. Oviline d. Pyroxenes

d

A course grained plutonic rock consisting of more than 90% plagioclase feldspar, remainder made up of gabbroic mineral.
a. Doirite c. Basalt
b. Gabbro d. Anorthite

b

An ultra-basic mono-mineral rock consisting of more or less pure olivine.
a. Perodotite c. Monzonite
b. Dunite d. Andesite

c

A coarse-grained acid rock consisting of quartz (20-40%), alkali feldspar and various Ferromagnesian minerals, dominantly hornblende and biotite: apatite, magnetite, are the most common accessory minerals.
a. Diorite c. Granodiorite
b. Andesite d. Dacite

d

Example of mechanical accumulation of rock fragments.
a. Coal c. Evaporites
b. Limestone d. Conglomerates

b

Deep seated deformation is a major factor, but heat, water and other factors have considerable influence.
a. hypo-gene enrichment c. Super-gene enrichment
b. hydrothermal metamorphism d. regional metamorphism

b

A mineral with a streak color of black, no cleavage, with a hardness of 3.5 and mineral brass yellow.
a. malachite c. native sulfur
b. chalcopyrite d. limonite

a

A coarse-grained plutonic intermediate rock consisting essentially of intermediate plagioclase feldspar and one or more ferromagnesian minerals, quartz present in small amount.
a. diorite c. basalt
b. gabbro d. Granite

b

One fold axis of symmetry and having the three axes whose lengths and angles of intersection are different.
a. Orthorhombic system c. monoclinic system
b. triclinic system d. tetragonal system

b

Chemical formula for Calaverite.
a. FeCO3 c. Cu3AsS4
b. AuFe2 d. Ag3SbS2

d

The resistance that a mineral to raking, to crushing, bending or tearing or its cohesiveness.
a. cleavage c. hardness
b. parting d. tenacity

c

The resistance of a mineral that can be hammered into thin sheets.
a. sectile c. malleable
b. ductile d. brittle

c

Minerals that obtain iron and are attracted to hand magnet.
a. diamagnetic c. paramagnetic
b. ferromagnetic d. none of the above

a

Three unequal and mutually perpendicular axes.
a. Orthorhombic system c. isometric system
b. Hexagonal system d. Tetragonal system