HHD: Unit 4: AOS 3: Promoting Global Health & Human Development questions with verified solutions

Aid

The assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements.

Types of Aid

-Emergency (Humanitarian) Aid

-Bilateral Aid

-Multilateral Aid

-Non-Government Organisation Aid

Emergency (Humanitarian) Aid

Rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after man-made emergencies such as wars, and natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis or earthquakes.

-for Short Term needs: keeping people alive by providing essential resources

-Immediate assistance during crisis

Advantages:

-Quickly addresses the problem in order to reduce mortality rates (from injury) and the spread of communicable diseases

Disadvantages:

-Rarely addresses Sustainable human development/ long term health issues

Examples: Food, water, shelter, emergency personnel

How it Promotes:

Global Health-

-Provides food, water shelter, medicines to immediately reduce mortality rates

Sustainable Human Development-

-By providing immediate medication/ treatment people are able to live longer lives, and thus can contribute to life of their community, promoting social sustainability

Bilateral Aid

The provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country.

Advantages:

-Helps to expand infrastructure

-Provides investments for projects which would otherwise be impossible

Disadvantages:

-Involves donation of sustainable technology

-Aid may be given to benefit the donor country potentially.

Examples: Infrastructure, workers, programs

How it Promotes:

Global Health-

-Improving water systems can reduce the risk of communicable disease which reduces morbidity and mortality rates

Sustainable Human Development-

-By building schools, people will be able to gain an education and reach their full potential, thus will be able to gain an income from employment, promoting economic sustainability

Multilateral Aid

Combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to the recipients through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or World Health Organisation.

-for Long-Term needs

Advantages:

-Most likely to assist developing countries/areas of need

-More effective as the UN is familiar with regions that require the most assistance

Disadvantages:

-Some money donated goes to administration (not all funds assist those in need)

Examples: Education programs, campaigns

How it Promotes:

Global Health-

-Improved healthcare systems with immunisations will reduce morbidity and mortality rates, increase life expectancy

Sustainable Human Development-

-Programs which are educational allows people to participate in the life of their community and the knowledge learnt can be pasted onto future generations

Non Government Organisation Aid:

The provision of assistance from a non-for-profit organisation, often for specific projects, programs, emergency aid, volunteering, education and development. Focuses on communities

Advantages:

-Effective at targeting key issues in small communities

-Aid is often given in the form of education programs which are sustainable

-Education gives individuals the tools to flourish to their full potential

Disadvantages:

-Often rely on donations to raise funds from individuals and businesses (may not have a stable source of funding)

Examples:

How it Promotes:

Global Health-

-Educated people have knowledge on how to reduce the risk of contracting communicable diseases which reduces morbidity rates

Sustainable Human Development-

-Having an access to knowledge will allow people to pass down information to future generations

Non-Government Organisation (NGO)

A type of non-profit organisation that works to promote health status and human development while operating separately from the national government

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)

Manages the Australian Governments overseas program. Aims to reduce poverty in developing countries and improve human development with particular focus on helping countries achieve the Sustainable Development Goals

-Provides ODA to many developing countries

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Financial assistance provided by donor government agencies to developing countries or to multilateral aid agencies.

How Aus government contributes to aid programs

-Providing Humanitarian assistance

-Forming bilateral partnerships with the governments of developing countries

-Providing Funding to international organisations

-Providing funding to non-government organisations

Priorities of Australia's aid programs

(BEIGE A)- All managed by DFAT

-Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection

-Effective Governance: policies, institution and functioning economies

-Infrastructure, trade facilitation, international competitiveness

-Gender equality and empowering women and girls

-Education and Health

-Agriculture, fisheries and water

Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection

Explanation:

-Australia's goal is for effective humanitarian action to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain human dignity during and in the aftermath of humanitarian crises where human life is at immediate risk.

Examples of Aus Gov's work:

-Establishing warehouses that contain emergency supplies and basic necessities for those who have been displaced due to conflict

-Providing funds to NGO's

Link to GH/SHD

Effective Governance: policies, institution and functioning economies

Explanation:

-Governance affects virtually all aspects of a country's society and economy.

-An effective government provides the foundations for economic growth, private sector investment and trade

Examples of Aus Gov's work:

-Provide advice to developing countries on financial management, the establishment of institutions, health systems, police forces and legal systems

-Support general elections in developing countries by educating voters, providing security for voting

- Help improve budget processes, allowing countries to meet debt obligations and increase revenue

Link to GH/SHD

Infrastructure, trade facilitation, international competitiveness

Explanation:

-Improving infrastructure in developing countries promotes economic development, improves trade opportunities and reduces poverty.

-Improved trade opportunities= countries will have the opportunity to earn an income from selling goods and services

-Reduces poverty: from extra income from economic development and assists individuals to access resources and have a decent standard of living

Examples of Aus Gov's work:

-Providing funding for infrastructure development

-Sending experts to work with governments in developing countries to identify/solve barriers to international trade

Link to GH/SHD

Gender equality and empowering women and girls

Explanation:

-Women in developing countries often lack the same opportunities available for men and boys in terms of education, employment and making decisions that affect their lives.

-Better educated women= fewer, healthier, better educated children= reduces burden of disease

-Empowers women

Examples of Aus Gov's work:

- Support UN women and their efforts

Link to GH/SHD

Education and Health

Explanation:

-Education and Health are critical to improving livelihoods, enabling poor people to participate in the economy and lifting living standards

-Improving health by focusing on equitable, accessible and affordable health systems so women, men and children can achieve better health and live healthy and productive lives

-Health challenges= double BOD= communicable and non communicable diseases

-Education can overcome poverty, enabling people to contribute to economy

Examples of Aus Gov's work:

-Contributing funds to assist children in developing countries attend school

-Providing funds to support immunisation, health systems, and introduce new vaccines in developing countries

Link to GH/SHD

Agriculture, fisheries and water

Explanation:

-This sector provides employment for millions of people especially in rural areas

-Industries provide opportunities for improving economic development (exporting products to other countries)

-Focus on: Strengthening markets, innovating for productivity and sustainable resource use and promoting effective policy, governance and reform

Examples of Aus Gov's work:

-Assisting with the efficient use of irrigation water by working with government NGO partners.

Link to GH/SHD

United Nations

It's an international organisation whose purpose is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the wellbeing of all people.

-Established in 1945, after WW2

Agencies & Organisations within the UN

-World Health Organisation (WHO)

-United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

-UN women (UNIFEM)

-World Food Programme

-UN High commissioner for refugees (UNHCR)

-UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC)

-World Bank

-UN Development Programme (UNDP)

-UN Security Council

Main Roles of the United Nations

-Promoting World peace and security

-Providing Humanitarian assistance

-Promoting Social and Economic development

-Promoting Human rights

World Peace and Security

Explanation:

-Conflict can lead to physical injuries/death, disruption of employment and education, destruction of infrastructure

-This refers to assisting countries to both prevent and end conflict.

Examples of the UN's work in this area:

-Support post conflict areas by deploying peace keeping forces to separate rival groups

-Investigate disputes and recommend courses of action

-Instigate economic sanctions to influence governments

How it Promotes:

Global Health-

-Addressing violence and death reduces morbidity, mortality rates

-Preventing corruption means resources reach those in need

Sustainable Human Development-

-Supportive frameworks and policies are more likely to address the needs of current and future generations.

-This allows people to have opportunities and the ability to make decisions

Human Rights

Explanation:

-Equal human rights ensure everyone has the same opportunities required to reach their potential with regards to health and human development

-UN states everyone is entitled to: adequate living standards for health and wellbeing, access to basic necessities, education, freedom of thought, conscience and religion

Examples of the UN's work in this area:

-Developed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

-Work with governments by providing advice, training in areas of justice, human rights

-Investigate reports of children in armed conflict and act based on findings

How it Promotes:

Global Health-

-Knowledge and power to all individuals as a basic human right can lead to a greater income= greater access to nutritious foods= reducing morbidity and mortality rates from malnutrition

Sustainable Human Development-

-Empowering women allows them to pass down knowledge to future generations as they are generally primary caregivers. This allows for an access to knowledge, choices=people can develop to they full potential

Humanitarian Assistance

Explanation:

-In times of crisis (natural disasters, conflict) health and human development are often compromised by a lack of access to essential resources

Examples of the UN's work in this area:

-It is a key body in providing emergency aid

-Works with government and non-gov organisations to provide life saving resources

-World Food Programme targets hunger, food security, financial assistance

How it Promotes:

Global Health-

-Emergency food rations after crisis assist in reducing mortality rates from undernutrition

Sustainable Human Development-

Individuals will have more energy from essential resources meaning the ability to improve infrastructure= access to adequate housing which can be used for future generations = people can lead longer and more productive lives

Social and economic Development

Explanation:

-Refers to access to education, healthcare services, employment opportunities, equality, income and standard of living

-Issues such as as gender inequality, access to water, food, shelter, political instability and the fulfilment of human rights require attention in many countries

Examples of the UN's work in this area:

-Provide assistance with governance including elections

-Carry out research with regards to social/economic development, offer recommendations based on this research

-Provide economic models to developing countries

-UN works to provide the knowledge and resources required to break the cycle of poverty and build economies for countries in need

How it Promotes:

Global Health-

-Promoting social development makes it more likely for women to experience equality. Women are then likely to have fewer children which are generally healthier, thus decreasing morbidity rates

Sustainable Human Development-

-Healthier children are more likely to access knowledge by attending school, thus can then earn an income and provide resources for their own children in the future.

World Health Organisation (WHO)

The WHO is a branch of the United Nations that focus on promoting global health

WHO's Priority areas in agenda

(U-MIND MDG's)

-Advancing Universal Health Coverage

-Increasing access to Medical Products

-International health regulations

-Non-communicable diseases

-Social, Economic and environmental Determinants

-Health-related Millennium Development Goals

Advancing Universal Health Coverage

Explanation:

-Aims to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need regardless of the ability to pay and to prevent ill health and poverty

-This requires: client orientated health system, a system for financing health services, access to essential medicines and technologies, well trained health workforce

Examples of the WHO's work in this area:

-Providing funding to strengthen health systems

-Increasing access to medical technology and essential medicines

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-Access to health means individuals are able to work and earn an income which reduces poverty = reduced morbidity and mortality rates

Sustainable Human Development-

-Access to health services enables people to lead longer, healthier and more productive lives and contribute to the life of their community. By being healthy it enables people to take part in education/employment which promotes economic global growth

Increasing Access to Medical Products

Explanation:

Essential medicines= those that meet the main health care needs of a population

-Equity in health depends on access to essential and affordable medical technologies which can be expensive. Improving access to medical products will improve universal health coverage

Examples of the WHO's work in this area:

-Work to improve access to safe, quality, affordable and effective medicines through providing grants

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-Having access to medical products improve the health of people which reduces morbidity rates

Sustainable Human Development-

-Healthy people can become educated and gain employment leading to income which can break the cycle of poverty for current and future generations, and thus are more empowered and can contribute to the life of their community

International Health Regulations

Explanation:

-These regulations seek to help the international community prevent and respond to acute public health risks that can potentially cross boarders and threaten people globally

Examples of the WHO's work in this area:

-Have a leadership role in establishing systems that make up global defence against threats from infectious diseases

-Support countries to put in place the IHR's and report on progress

-Work to strengthen own systems and networks to ensure a rapid and well coordinated response to public emergencies

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-Reducing the spread of disease reduces morbidity and mortality rates

Sustainable Human Development-

-Healthy people can gain an education and become employed leading to a steady income which can reduce poverty for current and future generations, and thus are more empowered and can contribute to the life of their community

Non-Communicable Diseases

Explanation:

-Chronic, non infectious

-Increasing rates of non-communicable diseases have devastating health consequences for individuals, families, communities. They are responsible to many health inequities, becoming more prevalent in developing countries. Focus on Cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and chronic respiratory disease.

Examples of the WHO's work in this area:

-Play a leadership role, coordinate other key stakeholders in developing a response at all government levels

-Produced guidelines

-Developed the 'Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCD's 2013-2020'

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-By reducing rates of non-communicable diseases, it increases life expectancy as these conditions contribute to premature death globally

Sustainable Human Development-

-Improvement in health means people are able to lead longer and healthier lives and participate in the life of the community. Methods of preventing the risk of NCD's can be passed on to future generations

Addressing the Social, Economic and Environmental Determinants

Explanation-

-Recognises that inequalities in health often arise from social, economic and environmental determinants which often lay outside the control of individuals. Focuses on social health protection, disaster preparedness and setting standards around environmental hazards, climate change, nutrition, clean water and sanitation.

Examples of the WHO's work in this area:

-Work with other sectors to act on the causes of disease and ill health

-Assist member states to implement health policies and strengthen decision making processes

-Provide support to access financial resources and technical assistance

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-Addressing these factors such as clean water and sanitation can reduce morbidity and mortality rates associated with waterborne diseases= reduces level of U5MR

Sustainable Human Development-

-Healthy people are more able to participate in the life of they community, work productively and provide resources needed for a decent standard of living

-Healthier children are more able to attend school which enhances their capabilities for future generations to also gain an education

Health Related Millennium Development Goals

Explanation-

-Recognises the work and success of the Millennium Development Goals and ensures that the progress and targeted areas continue to be a focus. Focuses on reducing child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Examples of the WHO's work in this area:

-Assist countries in implementing health-related actions by providing a range of policy options

-Developing strategies that target global health concerns such as HIV/AIDS

-Assisting countries in providing health care and health promoting resources

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-By addressing these conditions and issues, it will decrease rates of U5MR, maternal mortality and morbidity, mortality from communicable diseases

Sustainable Human Development-

-Improved health means more people will have the opportunity to live long, healthy, creative lives in accordance with their needs and interests

-Having better health means people can gain an education, employment, income that will help reduce the levels of poverty and possibly break the cycle of poverty for future generations

NGO Programs: World Vision

Explanation-

-Work with children, families and communities around the world to overcome poverty and injustice

Examples of NGO work:

-Provide services of community development such as improving infrastructure

-Humanitarian/emergency relief

Related SDG: No poverty, Peace justice and strong institutions

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-Provides food, water shelter, medicines to immediately reduce mortality rates

Sustainable Human Development-

-By providing immediate medication/ treatment people are able to live longer lives, and thus can contribute to life of their community, promoting social sustainability

NGO Programs: Red Cross

Explanation-

-Aims to improve the lives of vulnerable people in Australia and internationally by mobilising the power of humanity

Examples of NGO work:

-Provide services such as blood donations, first aid, disaster, emergency services, water and sanitation services

Related SDG: Good Health and Wellbeing

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-

Sustainable human Development-

-

NGO Programs: Oxfam

Explanation-

-Purpose is to help create lasting solutions to the injustice of poverty. It's part of a global movement for changes that empower people to create a secure future that is just and free from poverty.

Examples of NGO work:

-Long term development projects-education, oxfam Australia shops to support those in poverty.

Related SDG: No poverty

How it promotes:

Global Health-

-

Sustainable human Development-

-

Addressing key health issues in developing countries: Literacy program

Overview-

-Literacy enables individuals to have better employment opportunities and therefore increased income, which enables them to access the resources required to promote health and sustainable human development.

Name of Program-

-UNICEF female literacy centre in Afghanistan

Reason for Program-

-Women make up majority of people who are illiterate. Educated females are more likely to have healthy children.

Type of aid involved-

-Multilateral

How its implemented-

-UNICEF provides learning materials to everyone in the Literacy Centres, sponsor and organise training for teachers

How the program contributes to GH+SHD-

-Empowering women to get an education can lead to employment and income which can be used to access health care, reducing morbidity rates and the passing down of knowledge to future generations

SDG this relates to-

-Quality Education, Gender equality

Addressing key health issues in developing countries: Food Security program

Overview-

-The state of having reliable access to sufficient quantity of affordable nutritious food.

Name of Program-

-CARE's conservation farming group

Reason for Program-

-Well nourished populations are better prepared for education, employment, thus reducing poverty. Lack of food security is prominent in developing countries

Type of aid involved-

-NGO aid

How its implemented-

-CARE has been training low-income farmers in conservation agriculture methods to increase productivity.

How the program contributes to GH+SHD-

-Adequate nutrition is linked to lower mortality rates. Healthier people are thus able to gain an education, employment reaching their full potential and possibly providing for future generations.

SDG this relates to-

- Zero Hunger, No poverty

Addressing key health issues in developing countries: HIV/AIDS program

Overview-

-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stages of HIV

-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infection that results in the gradual depletion, weakening of the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infections.

Name of Program-

-WHO's global sector strategy on HIV/AIDS

Reason for Program-

-It's a preventable condition, those affected are unable to care for their families

Type of aid involved-

-Multilateral

How its implemented-

-Through the program, WHO assists countries with policy selection to combatting HIV infections, trains countries to increase their access to HIV medications

How the program contributes to GH+SHD-

-By having an access to healthcare to treat HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality rates will decrease. This means healthy people can have an education, employment, income which can break the cycle of poverty for current and future generations

SDG this relates to-

- Good Health and Wellbeing

Addressing key health issues in developing countries: Malaria program

Overview-

- A disease caused by a parasite which is transmitted via infected mosquitos.

Name of Program-

-Nothing but nets

Reason for Program-

-It's a preventable condition, leading cause of death in children under 5

Type of aid involved-

-Multilateral

How its implemented-

-By collecting donations, the money is used to buy insecticide treated nets.

How the program contributes to GH+SHD-

-The nets prevent people being bitten which reduces the risk of contracting malaria=decreased mortality rates. This means healthy people can have an education, employment, income which can break the cycle of poverty for current and future generations

SDG this relates to-

-Good health and wellbeing

Addressing key health issues in developing countries: Immunisation program

Overview-

- Immunisation is the process where a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease.

Name of Program-

-GAVI alliance immunisation program in India

Reason for Program-

-Immunisation is a cost effective method of reducing the risk of a range of conditions.

Type of aid involved-

-Multilateral

How its implemented-

-Immunisations are provided to developing countries, people are trained in the administration of vaccines.

How the program contributes to GH+SHD-

-Immunising people decreases the rates of morbidity from communicable diseases. Healthier people are thus able to reach their full potential and gain employment, promoting economic sustainability

SDG this relates to-

-Good Health and Wellbeing

Addressing key health issues in developing countries: Water and Sanitation program

Overview-

-Clean water is essential for good health and survival. Sanitation =refers to the safe disposal of human waste, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through garbage collection and disposal of wastewater.

Name of Program-

-Vanuatu Sanitation project

Reason for Program-

- Poor sanitation and water systems increase the risk of water borne diseases

Type of aid involved-

-NGO aid

How its implemented-

-Hygiene education is provided and education on maintenance of sanitation systems which are installed.

How the program contributes to GH+SHD-

- Better sanitation and water systems decreases the risk of communicable disease= decreased morbidity rates. Healthier people are thus able to access education, employment which promotes economic sustainability.

SDG this relates to-

-Water and Sanitation

Elements of Sustainable Programs: Appropriateness

he implemented program addresses the needs of the targeted community or population.

Key elements to consider:

-Focus on women and children

-Focus on education

-Involve the people

-Reach those most in need (rural & remote areas)

-Ensure programs are culturally sensitive/appropriate

Elements of Sustainable Programs: Affordability

The implemented program must be affordable to the individuals, communities and countries they are targeted towards to be successful.

Key elements to consider:

-People living in poverty do not have the money to access programs and resources (providers of aid should ensure it's free for users)

-How the program might be continued once the organisation leaves the community.

-Community level- not often in position to contribute funds to developing facilities

-Country level- governments in developing countries often do not have sustainable health care systems that allow access to health care regardless of ability to pay.

Elements of Sustainable Programs: Equity

The implemented program must be equitable by providing opportunities and meeting the needs of all individuals and community groups, by eliminating barriers to resources (education, employment, food, water, sanitation and health care) which are essential for sustainable human development access the population.

This can be done through:

-Creating policies that act to improve and protect the environments in which

vulnerable groups

-Funding the most urgent needs of vulnerable groups

-Providing education for vulnerable groups

-Developing programs in urban slums and in rural and remote areas

-Ensuring health care is provided based on clinical need as opposed to the ability

to pay.