Intro to Communication Disorders-Chapter 5

Bilabial

two lips used to produce phonemes

Labiodental

pertaining to phonemes made with the bottom lip and upper teeth

Interdental

tongue between teeth used to produce phonemes (th)

Alveolar

tongue tip and alveolar ridge used in phoneme production

Palatal

phonemes when the tongue fills the palate

Velars

Phonemes produced with back of the tongue against velum

Stops

Sounds that are formed by closing off and reopening the oral cavity so that it stops the flow of air through the mouth, such as the consonants p, b, t, d, k, and g.

Fricatives

produced by a constant flow of air through the vocal tract (f and v)

Affricatives

consonant sounds made up of a stop, like /t/, immediately followed by a fricative, like /s/.

Example: The /tʃ/and /dʒ/ consonant sounds are affricatives.

Nasals

m, n, ŋ, velophyrangeal port is open

Approximates (Glides and Liquids)

produced when articulators are near one another but do not close enough to cause friction

Diphthongs

two vowels to make another sound, oe in "shoe"

Final Consonant Deletion

syllable structure phonological process that involves the deletion of the final consonant in a syllable, resulting in an open syllable (CV)

Weak Syllable Deletion

a syllable structure phonological process that involves the omission of an unstressed (weak) syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable

Reduplication

repeating a whole syllable e.g. 'dada' and 'mama'

Consonant Clutter Reduction

slide becomes side

Assimilation

patty-tatty

Stopping

substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate

Fronting

When velar or palatal sounds like /k/, /g/, and sh, are substituted with alveolar sounds like /t/, /d/ and /s/

babbling

stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds

variegated babbling

long strings of nonidentical syllables that appear in the vocal play of some 8-10 month old infants

reduplicated babbling

consists of repeating consonant-vowel pairs, as in "ma ma ma"

Distortions

in articulation, a deviant production of a phoneme (Shand-sand)

Substitutions

in articulation, the production of one phoneme in place of another

Omissions

in articulation, the absence of a phoneme that has not been produced or replaced (BA-BAT)

Additions

in articulation, the insertion of a phoneme that is not part of the word (PUHUPPY-PUPPY)

Intelligibility

the ability to understand what has been detected aurally

Stimulability

the ability to imitate a a target phoneme one given focused auditory and visual cells.