Chapter 9: Surgical Pharmacology and Anesthesia; Fill in the blank: Medication

The drug is absorbed or taken into the bloodstream by the capillaries from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process of diffusion is a ________ ________ mechanism that requires no energy.

Passive Transport

Some medications require an energy source known as a ______ to carry the drug from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Cation

Absorption of a local anesthetic can be slowed by the additive ______ which causes _____

Epinephrine; Vasoconstriction

The primary transportation system of the cardiovascular system is responsible for the _______ of medications to the target organ or tissue.

Distribution

There are two barriers, known as the ______ ______ and ______ barriers, found within the body that can prevent certain medications from passing through to the tissue on the other side.

Blood brain; Placental

The organ that is responsible for the metabolism (breaking down) of medications in a process known as biotransformation is the ______

Liver

Medications must be excreted primarily through the ______ (organs), although some medication excretion can occur fecally or via sweat, saliva, exhalation, or breast milk.

Kidneys

The term used to describe the entire process of absorption, distribution, biotransformation/metabolism, and excretion is called _____

Pharmacokinetics

_______ is the interaction of drug molecules with target cells of living tissue.

Pharmacodynamics

______ is the study of medications and their actions, including drug origins, properties, and uses.

Pharmacology