(2) Muscles of thoracic and pelvic limb

Includes from page 91-92, 97-112

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue? (theory)

1. striated muscles: striped, forming skeletal musculature. Attached to skeleton.
2. smooth muscle: in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and some glands
3. cardiac muscles: muscles of the heart, muscle fibers with cross striations.

What consist muscle of - 5 parts? (theory)

1. origo (attachment of muscle, remains still when contracting)
2. caput
3. venter
4. cauda
5. terminatio (more movable attachment)

1. what is a tendon? (tendo)

2. what is fascia?

1. Tendon: A band of fibrous tissue, which attaches the muscle to the bone.

   • Aponeurosis is a broad fibrous sheet with a similar function.

2. fascia: CT membrane covering the muscle, separates the muscles and binds them into position.

Identify these muscles. What is their function? (overview)

Muscles of shoulder girdle.

• gives connection between the thoracic limb and trunk.

1. musculus trapezius (under skin, dorsolateral of neck + back - elevation + abduction of scapula)

   • originates on funiculus nuchae + lig. supraspinale

   • insertion: spina scapula

   a) pars cervicalis

   b) pars thoracica

2. musculus latissimus dorsi around here, underneath trapezius

3. musculus serratus ventralis (pars cervicis and pars thoracis)

4. musculus brachiocephalicus (right under skin, going from head and neck to the humerus - divided by intersectio clavicularis)

   • cranially: musculus cleidocephalicus (further divided into pars mastoidea and pars occipitalis in ru and su, pars mastoidea-eq, pars mastoidea + cervicalis -car)

   • caudally: musculus cleidobrachialis

     • a)

5. musculi pectorales.

   • musculi pectorales superficiales into musculus pectoralis descendent et transversus

   • musculi pectorales profundi into m. pectoralis ascendens (underneath superficialis)

identify structures.

1. musculus rhomboideus (underneath musculus trapezius)

   • divides into pars cervicis and thoracis

   • car and su: extra part, pars capitis

2. musculus longissimus dorsi

3. can see a bit of the musculus trapezius

identify. the muscles. (detailed view)

1. musculus omotransversarius

- between pars cervicalis of m. trapezius and m. brachiocephalicus

2. musculus brachiocephalicus seen, with m. cleidobrachialis and cleidocephalicus (pars mastoidea (Eq) and pars occipitalis in ru + su, car: extra part pars cervicalis)

identify the muscles seen here. (detailed view parts)

Musculi pectorales:

1. musculus pectoralis descendens

2. musculus pectoralis transversus

- ascendens and transversus: musculi pectorales superficiales

3. musculus pectoralis ascendens

- makes up the musculi pectorales profundi

identify muscles (View 2)

1. musculus brachiocephalicus with pars cleidocervicalis (pars mastoidea (eq) et occipitalis in ru + su, while extra pars cervicalis in car) and cleidobrachialis.
2. musculus trapezius
3. musculus rhomboideus
4. musculus latissimus dorsi
5. musculus serratus ventralis with pars cervicalis et thoracis
6. musculus subclavius (absent in car, inserts at level of intersectio clavicularis of m. brachiocephalicus)
7. musculus omotransversarius
8. musculi pectorales going underneath with the thoracic limb.

what are the 2 groups of muscles of the thoracic limb?

1. muscles of shoulder girdle
2. intrinsic muscles of thoracic limb (the ones starting and ending at the thoracic bones)

identify muscles.

muscles of shoulder joint and elbow joint, lateral view:

1. musculus infraspinatus (inserts at facies m. infraspinati, extend + flexion support)

2. musculus supraspinatus (stops at tuberculum majus et minus of humerus, extension)

3. musculus deltoideus (which covers the other, directly under the skin) - musculus teres minor (inserting on tuberositas teres minor) lies underneath here.

   • from spina scapulae + acromion

   • pars clavicularis, pars acromialis (ru + car) and pars scapularis - covers by an aponeurosis the m. infraspinatus + starts at caudal margin of scapula.

   • inserts at tuberositas deltoidea, flexion role of joint, support abduction.

4. musculus triceps caput longum

5. musculus triceps caput laterale

6. musculus brachialis (in sulcus m. brachialis, covered by triceps brachii, origin is caudally of collum humeri, inserting distally to tuberositas radii)

7. musculus biceps brachii (origin is tuberculum supraglenoidale, flexes)

   • some fibres form: lacertus fibrosus

identify muscles.

muscles of shoulder and elbow joint, medial view:

1. musculus subscapularis

2. musculus teres major

3. musculus tensor fasciae antebrachii (inserts at tuber olecrani)

4. musculus triceps caput longum

5. musculus triceps caput mediale

6. musculus coracobrachialis

7. musculus biceps brachii

8. musculus triceps caput accessorium (absent in Eq)

9. musculus suprascapularis (from lateral side)

10. m. articularis humeri (new) → from collum scapulae to collum humeri

Which muscle extends between fossa olexrani and the olecranon? Small one, lying underneath the m. triceps brachii, extending the elbow joint.

m. anconeus (strong in su, not so strong in ru)

The 4 muscles of the radioulnar joints?

1. m. brachioradialis (long, thin muscle on craniomedial surface of antebrachium. stronger in fe, supinates the forearm + paw, “beside m. extensor carpi radialis”)

2. m. supinator (in car + su, on joint capsule of joint, supinates forearm)

3. m. pronator teres (in ru, su, car, tendinous in eq, bw. medial epicondyle of humerus and craniomedial surface of radius, pronates the antebrachium)

4. m. pronator quadratus (only in car and humans, pronates antebrachium + paw)

identify muscles. which muscle is not seen here?

Muscles of carpal joints and digits of hand: (lateral side)

1. musculus extensor carpi ulnaris

2. musculus flexor carpi ulnaris

3. musculus extensor digitorum lateralis

4. musculus extensor digitalis communis (2)

5. musculus extensor carpi radialis (Inserts into tuberositas ossis metacarpalis III)

a: ulnaris

b: radialis

- cannot see musculus abductor digiti 1 longus. (triangular, on craniolateral surface of antebrachium)

identify this muscle.

1. musculus flexor digitorum profundus (located behind the musculus flexor digitorum superficialis, which is between musculus extensor carpi ulnaris and musculus flexor carpi ulnaris)

• consist of 3 heads: caput humerale, caput radiale and caput ulnare.

identify the muscles.

1. musculus flexor digitorum superficialis (superficially on medial side, 2 stk and m. flexor digitalis profundus underneath) → portio superficialis et profunda

2. musculus extensor carpi ulnaris

3. musculus flexor carpi ulnaris (inserts palmarly on metacarpal bones)

identify the muscles.

Medially on the thoracic limb.

1. musculus extensor carpi radialis

2. musculus flexor carpi radialis

3. musculus flexor carpi ulnaris → arises by means of two heads, caput humerale + caput ulnare from olecranon

4. musculus flexor digitalis superficialis is seen underneath

5. musculus pronator teres is supposed to be here in between, underneath. (small one)

the short digital muscles (new)

1. mm. interossei (muscular in car + su, tendinous in eq + ru, on palmar surface of metacarpal bones)

2. mm. lumbricales (bands connected to m. flexor digitorum profundus)

3. m. flexor digitorum brevis - only in car.

what are the muscles of pelvic limb divided into?

1. Muscles of pelvic girdle

2. Intrinsic muscles of pelvic limb

a: hip muscles

b: thigh muscles: covers the femur from all sides (cranial, laterocaudal and medial)

c: muscles of leg

d: muscles of digits of foot

identify the muscles. which type of muscle are these considered to be?

Muscles of pelvic girdle.

1. musculus psoas major with musculus iliacus underneath. - considered to be m. iliopsoas. insert at trochanter minor of femur.

2 musculus quadratus lumborum (covered by m. psoas major on ventral surface of processus transversus of lumbar vertebra)

3. musculus psoas minor (most medially, inserts at tuberculum m. psoas minoris)

What inner pelvic muscles do we have?

Muscles lying near the hip joint: (of hip muscles-intrinsic)

1. Musculus obturatorius internus (in car and Eq)

• pars iliaca and pars ischiopubica in eq.

2. musculus obturatorius externus (ventrally on pelvis)

• runs through the foramen obturatum as pars intrapelvina.

3. musculi gemmelli (caudally to the deep gluteal muscle)

4. musculus quadratus femoris (caudally to gemmelli muscles)

5. musculus articularis coxae (on surface of hip joint)

identify the structures.

yellow: superficial muscles of hip

1. Musculus gluteus medius

2. musculus gluteus accessorius and musculus gluteus profundus situated underneath the musculus gluteus medius.

3. musculus gluteobiceps (formed by m. gluteus superficialis and m. biceps femoris in Ru and Su)

• m. biceps femoris has caput vertebrale + caput pelvinum

4. musculus tensor fasciae latae (fills space between tuber coxae and patella)

Beige: thigh muscles:

5. musculus semitendinosus

6. musculus rectus medialis

7. musculus vastus lateralis

which muscle is fused with the m. gluteus medius in all species of animals except car?

m. piriformis, lying caudally from m. gluteus medius. originating from sacrum, ending on trochanter major. (part of superficial muscles of hip/outer pelvic muscles)

identify structures. what muscle do the orange structure make up?

Orange: Musculus quadriceps femoris consisting of:

1. musculus vastus lateralis

2. musculus rectus femoris

4. musculus vastus intermedius

5. musculus vastus medius

• m. quadriceps femoris - strongest extensor of stifle joint, assist also in flexing the hip joint.

Repeat:

3. musculus tensor fascia latae (superficial muscle of hip)

identify the muscles.

SPAM. laterocaudal + medial group of muscles

1. musculus semitendinosus → caput vertebrale + pelvinum

2. musculus semimembranosus → caput vertebrale et pelvinum

3. musculus popliteus

4. musculus adductor (covered my gracilis) → divides acc. to species, m. adductor longus, brevis et magnus.

5. musculus sartorius → pars cranialis et caudalis

6. musculus gracilis

7. musculus pectineus

Repeat:

8. musculus tensor fascia latae

9. musculus rectus femoris

10. musculus vastus medius

- musculus vastus intermedius between rectus femoris and vastus medius

on medial surface of thigh, between the muscles there is a triangular shape known as?

trigonum femorale, bordered cranially by m. sartorius, caudally by cranial margin of m. gracillis and medially by m. vastus medialis.

• anulus femoralis - entrance to the trigonum, communicating with abdominal cavity.

• canalis femoralis is present within this trigonum, through which arteria femoralis, vena femoralis and nervus saphenus + some other parts passes through.

identify the muscles.

Muscles of the leg:

1. musculus peroneus tertius

• the musculus extensor digitorum longus, in the middle and inside peroneus tertius.

2. musculus peroneus longum (absent in Eq)

- on the other (medially) side, M. tibialis cranialis.

3. musculus extensor digitorum lateralis

4. musculi flexores digitales profundi

- consisting of:

a) m. flexor digitalis lateralis

b) m. flexor digitalis medialis

c) m. tibialis caudalis

5. M. triceps surae

• consisting of:

  • a) m. gastrocnemius, of caput laterale and caput mediale

  • b) m. soleus (underneath, inside gastrocnemius, very small, absent in car)

• musculus flexor digitalis superficialis lies in between the caputs of m. gastrocnemius.

6. tendon achilles (same as tendo calcaneus communis)

-consisting of tendo m. tricipitis surae, tendo m. flexoris digitalis superficialis and aponeurousis of 3 muscles.

identify muscles.

1. musculus tibialis cranialis
2. musculus peroneus tertius
3. musculus peroneus longum

The deepest muscle of peroneal muscles only present in car is?

m. peroneus brevis, covered by the m. peroneus longus.

identify muscles. What muscle is absent?

1. caput mediale of m. gastrocnemius

2. caput laterale of m. gastrocnemius

3. musculus soleus (absent in car)

4. musculus flexor digitalis superficialis

6. musculus extensor digitalis lateralis

5. musculus flexores digitales profundi, consisting of m. flexor digitalis lateralis, medialis and tibialis caudalis.

7. musculus peroneus longum

8. musculus peroneus tertius

Muscle absent:

- musculus extensor digiti I longus (part of muscles of digits of foot)

identify these. (another view)

1. musculus quadratus lumborum

2. musculus psoas minor

3. musculus psoas major

4. musculus iliacus

5. m. iliacus and psoas major joins to form the m. iliopsoas

6. musculus tensor fascia latae

7. musculus gracilis

8. musculus sartorius

9. musculus pectineus

10. musculus adductor

11. musculus semimembranosus (always around the bottom)

12. musculus semitendinosus

The short digital muscles of pelvic foot? - similar, like-named as the ones on thoracic limb.

Well developed in car, but rudimentary or missing in the other species. To the short digital muscles of pelvic limb is:

1. m. extensor digitorum brevis

2. m. flexor digitorum brevis

3. mm. interflexorii

4. mm. interossei

5. mm. lumbricales

6. m. quadratus plantae