Chapter 9: Articulations

The place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth is known as what?

joint or articulation

What is the study of joints called?

arthrology

Articulations are classified into categories based on what?

• joint structure

• mobility

more mobility=?

less stability (& vice versa)

Rank the following in order from least stability to most stability/most mobility to immobile: elbow joint, suture, hip joint, glenohumeral joint, intervertebral joints

glenohumeral joint (shoulder), hip joint, elbow joint, intervertebral joints, suture

What are the different classifications by structure?

• fibrous joint

• cartilaginous joint

• synovial joint

What are the different classifications by function?

• synarthrosis

• amphiarthrosis

• diathrosis

fibrous joints are bones held together by?

dense regular CT

cartilaginous joints are bones are joined by?

cartilage

synovial joints are bones separated by?

fluid-filled cavities (synovial fluid)

synarthrosis

immobile joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly mobile joint

diarthrosis

freely moveable joint

What are the different types of fibrous joints?

• gomphoses

• sutures

• syndesmoses

gomphoses are what kinds of joints and found where?

• fibrous joints

• between teeth and maxilla and mandible

what kind of mobility do gomphoses joints have?

synarthroses

each tooth is held in socket by ?

periodontal ligament

sutures are what kinds of joints and found where?

• fibrous joints

• between skull bones

what kind of mobility do sutures have?

synarthroses

Sutures may eventually ossify to become what?

synostoses

Syndesmoses are what kinds of joints and found where?

• fibrous joints

• between parallel bones in forearm and leg (tibia/fibula, ulna/radius)

What kind of mobility do syndesmoses joints have?

amphiarthrosis

__________________ connect radius to ulna and tibia to fibula

interosseous membranes 

What kind of joint can be found in this image?

gomphosis

What kind of joint can be found in this image?

sutures

What kind of joint can be found in this image?

syndesmosis

What are the different cartilaginous joints?

• synchondroses

• symphyses

synchondroses are what kinds of joints and joined by what?

• cartilaginous joints

• joined by hyaline cartilage

What kind of mobility do synchondroses joints have?

synarthroses 

What are examples of synchondroses joints?

epiphyseal plate, costochondral joints

symphyses are what kinds of joints and joined by what?

• cartilaginous joints

• joined by pad of fibrocartilage 

What kind of movement do symphyses joints have?

amphiarthroses

What are examples of symphyses joints?

pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

What kind of joints can be found in this image?

synchondroses 

What kind of joints can be found in this image?

symphyses

all synovial joints share several structural features

• articular capsule contains two layers

• contains articular cartilage 

articular capsule contains two layers which are?

1. outer fibrous layer 

2. inner synovial membrane

What is the outer fibrous layer of articular capsule composed of and what is its function?

• dense regular CT

• strengthens joint

What is the function of inner synovial membrane of the articular capsule?

secretes lubricating synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)

What is the function of articular cartilage of articular capsule?

reduces friction and acts as shock absorber 

What is the articular cartilage of articular capsule made up of?

hyaline cartilage that covers articulating surfaces

What is the space between articulating bones called?

joint cavity

joint cavity contains small amounts of ?

synovial fluid

What is the function of synovial fluid?

lubricates articular cartilages, nourishes chonrocytes of articular cartilage and absorbs shock during compression of the joint

ligaments connect?

bone to bone

ligaments are?

dense regular CT that strengthens, reinforces joint capsule

Where are extrinsic ligaments located?

outside capsule

What are intrinsic ligament?

thickenings of capsule

sensory nerves detect?

pain and stretch

blood vessels nourish?

the joint

what are articulating bones separated by a joint cavity called?

synovial joints 

what kind of movement do synovial joints have?

diarthroses

What are examples of synovial joints?

joints of the shoulder, elbow, and knee

Label figure 1.

fibrous layer

Label figure 2.

synovial membrane

Label figure 3.

joint cavity (containing synovial fluid)

Label figure 4.

articular cartilage

Label figure 5.

extrinsic ligament

Label figure 6.

articular capsule

What are sacs containing synovial fluid outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles and tendons or bones rub?

Bursae

what are elongated bursae along tendons known as?

tendon sheaths

tendons connect what together?

bone to muscle

where are tendon sheaths typically located?

confined areas such as wrist and ankle; area where tendons rub each other

What are fat pads? what is their function?

packing material; provide some protection

synovial joints are classified by what?

shapes of articulating surfaces and amount of movement allowed

what are the types of synovial movement?

• uniaxial

• biaxial

• multiaxial

what kind of movement is described by the joint moving in one plane or axis?

uniaxial

what kind of movement is described by the joint moving in two planes or axes?

biaxial

what kind of movement is described by the joint moving in three planes or axes (in all planes)?

multiaxial

What are the six classifications of synovial joints?

1. plane joints

2. hinge joints

3. pivot joints

4. condylar joints

5. saddle joints

6. ball-and-socket joints

What synovial joint is classified as uniaxial; side to side movement?

plane joint

What synovial joint is classified as uniaxial; like hinge of a door?

hinge joints

What synovial joint is classified as uniaxial; one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis?

pivot joints

What synovial joint is classified as biaxial; oval, concave surface of one bone; convex of the other?

condylar joint

What synovial joint is classified as biaxial; joint surfaces resemble saddle?

saddle joints

What synovial joint is classified as multiaxial; spherical head into cuplike socket?

ball-and-socket joint

what are the four motions that occur at synovial joints?

• gliding

• angular motion

• rotation

• special movements (unique to certain joints and don’t fit into other categories)

what kind of motion is defined as articular surfaces sliding back and forth or side to side?

gliding

in gliding motion, does the angle between the bones change?

no

where does gliding motion mainly occur?

in plane joints

what is an example of where gliding motion occurs?

carpals

what are increases or decreases angle between bone?

angular motion

what is the movement in anterior-posterior plane where joint angle is decreased?

flexion

What is movement in anterior-posterior plane where joint angle is increased?

extension

what is extension beyond normal range of motion?

hyperextension

what is body trunk moves laterally in coronal plane?

lateral flexion

what is lateral movement of body part away from midline?

abduction

What is medial movement of body part toward midline?

adduction

what is proximal end of bone stationary while distal end makes a circular (cone) shape?

circumduction

Label figure 1.

flexion

Label figure 2.

extension

Label figure 1.

flexion

Label figure 2.

extension

Label figure 1.

extension 

Label figure 2.

flexion

Label figure 1.

extension

Label figure 2.

flexion

what kind of movement is this?

lateral flexion

Label figure 1.

abduction

Label figure 2.

adduction