manila studies

What error did Julio Nakpil point out about the name "Manila"?

Nakpil believed the Spaniards mistakenly removed the "D" from "MYANILAD," leading to the modern name "Manila."

What plant is associated with the origin of the word "Manila"

The "Nilad" plant (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea), a mangrove shrub with small white flowers that grew along the shorelines of the Pasig River and Manila Bay.

What does "MAY" in "MAY NILAD" mean in Tagalog

"MAY" means "there is," as in "MAY PAGMAMAHAL" (there is love) or "MAY BIGAS" (there is rice).

What alternative theory did Emma Helen Blair propose about the origin of "Manila"?

Blair suggested that "Manila" came from the word "NILAD," referring to Indigofera tinctoria, a small tree that produced white flowers, different from the mangrove shrub Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea.

What error did Julio Nakpil point out about the name "Manila"

Nakpil believed the Spaniards mistakenly removed the "D" from "MYANILAD," leading to the modern name "Manila."

What explanation did Alexander Salt provide for the origin of "Manila"?

Salt suggested that "Manila" came from the phrase "SA MAY NILA" or "in the tongue," referring to the location of the city on a landmass resembling a tongue.

When does Manila’s recorded history start?

900 AD (Laguna Copperplate Inscription).

What was Manila called under Malay rule?

Seludong/Selurung.

When did Spain take control of Manila?

1565

Why were the walls of Intramuros built?

To protect against pirates and uprisings

Who founded the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines?

Miguel López de Legazpi (1565).

What event led to the destruction of much of Manila during WWII?

• Battle of Manila (1945).

What trade route made Manila a major commercial hub?

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

Who controlled the Philippines after Spain?

The United States (1898, Treaty of Paris).

When does Manila's history begin?

Around 65,000 BC with the Callao Man.

What was the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade?

A trade route between Manila and Acapulco that lasted for three centuries, exchanging goods between Asia and the Americas.

Which European country occupied Manila during the Seven Years' War?

Great Britain (1762–1764).

Who led the first Spanish expedition to the Philippines?

Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.

What was the encomienda system?

A tax farming system in early Spanish rule, later abandoned due to abuses.

What caused the British occupation of Manila?

It was part of the Seven Years' War. Spain allied with France, and Britain declared war on Spain.

Who surrendered Manila to the British?

Archbishop Manuel Rojo.

What were the causes of the British occupation of Manila?

• Seven Years' War (1756-1763) between Britain and France.

• Spain allied with France due to the Family Compact (signed August 15, 1761).

• Britain declared war on Spain in January 1762.

Who led the British expedition to Manila?

Brigadier General William Draper and Rear Admiral Samuel Cornish.

When did the British fleet arrive in Manila?

September 24, 1762.

What was the result of the British siege of Manila?

• Manila fell to the British on October 6, 1762.

• Archbishop Manuel Rojo surrendered the city.

Who led the Spanish resistance against the British?

Simón de Anda y Salazar, based in Pampanga, organized resistance and rejected British rule.

How long did the British occupy Manila?

British occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 (Treaty of Paris ended the war).

What agreement did Archbishop Rojo sign with the British?

Guaranteed Catholic religion, protected private property, and allowed peaceful trade as British subjects.

What was the role of the Real Audiencia under British rule?

Continued governing the Spanish East Indies, paid by Spain.

What happened to Indian sepoy soldiers during the occupation?

Some deserted and settled in Cainta, Rizal.

When did the British leave Manila?

• April 1764, after orders from London.

What was Simón de Anda's final position after the British left?

He was recognized as the legitimate Governor-General by both Spain and the British.

An alliance between Spain and France (Bourbon families) signed on August 15, 1761, during the Seven Years’ War.

Family Compact

Why did Spain join the Seven Years' War?

Spain feared British expansion after France’s defeat and allied with France under the Family Compact.

What triggered the British attack on Manila?

Spain declared war on Britain on January 18, 1762. British Prime Minister John Stuart approved Draper’s plan to conquer Manila to expand British influence.

How many forces did the British bring to Manila?

8 warships, 3 frigates, 4 supply ships, and 6,839 soldiers and marines.

Who was the acting Governor-General of the Philippines when the British attacked?

Archbishop Manuel Rojo, as the appointed governor, Francisco de la Torre, had not yet arrived due to the war.

What mistake did the Spanish forces make during the defense of Manila?

Poor military leadership and disorganization after the death of Governor-General Pedro Manuel de Arandia in 1759.

How did the British capture Manila?

On October 5, 1762, British forces breached the walls of Manila’s fortifications and captured the city with little resistance the following day.

What actions did Simón de Anda y Salazar take after the fall of Manila?

Anda escaped to Bulacan, organized Spanish resistance, declared himself Governor-General, and raised an army of 10,000 Filipinos.

How did the Spanish resistance fare outside of Manila?

Anda’s forces successfully harassed the British, confining them mostly to Manila and Cavite, despite British attempts to expand control

How did the British occupation end?

The Treaty of Paris (signed February 10, 1763) ended the Seven Years' War, and the British left Manila by April 1764.

What was the aftermath of the British departure?

• Simón de Anda was recognized as the legitimate Governor-General by Spain. The British left Manila, but disputes over compensation for damages continued.