BIOL 1406 Lab Final

An energy capturing process by which sunlight is converted to chemical energy to synthesize carbohydrates

Photosynthesis

What makes the capture of light possible?

pigments

a compound that absorbs a particular wavelength of visible light

pigment

shorter wavelengths carry _____ energy than longer wavelengths

more

6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 water + light energy >>> sugar + 6 Oxygen

photosynthesis

4 characteristics of chlorophyll

> green pigment

> absorbs red and violet light

> most abundant

> primary pigment of photosynthesis

What are the two accessory pigments?

>carotenoids

>Anthocyanins

What colors do Carotenoids come in?

red, orange, yellow

What colors do Anthocyanins come in?

red, blue

sight of photosynthesis in plants

chloroplasts

Thylakoid

flattened sacs inside chloroplast on which light reactions of photosynthesis take place

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Occurs on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

light dependent reactions

What are the raw materials of light dependent reactions?

sunlight & water

What are the products of light dependent reactions?

>>ATP

>>NADPH

>>O2

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

light independent reactions

A metabolic process whereby the utilization of oxygen and the breakdown of glucose yields chemical energy in the form of ATP

cellular respiration

What are the three phases of cellular respiration?

>>Glycolysis

>>Krebs

>>Electron Transport Chain

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where do Krebs and Electron Transport Chain occur?

In the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

DNA is made of repeating subunits called ____

nucleotides

What are the three subunits of DNA?

>>Phosphate group

>>Deoxyribose

>>Nitrogen Base

What are the 4 nitrogen bases?

>>Adenine

>>Cytosine

>>Guanine

>>Thymine

Which nitrogen bases pair with each other?

>>Adenine to Thymine

>>Guanine to Cytosine

Adenine and Guanine are ____

Purines

Thymine and Cytosine are ____

Pyrimidines

How many hydrogen bonds does Adenine make to Thymine?

2

How many bonds does Guanine make to Cytosine?

3

Conversion of information from DNA into a molecule of mRNA

Transcription

What are the components of transcription?

DNA & mRNA

Information encoded in mRNA is decoded into a sequence of amino acids resulting in a polypeptide chain that twists and folds into a protein

Translation

Where does transcription occur?

in the nucleus

Where does translation occur?

in the cytoplasm

What are the components of translation?

>>mRNA

>>rRNA

>>tRNA

>>Amino acids

What are the three types of RNA?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

structures upon which proteins are built

rRNA

delivers amino acids to ribosomes

tRNA

specifies sequence of amino acids

mRNA

mRNA's message is encoded in a sequence of ___________

"sets of three" nucleotides

Each "set of three" nucleotides is called a ____

codon

Each codon specifies a specific ____________

amino acid

transfers or delivers a specific amino acid in the cytoplasm to ribosomes as dictated by mRNA codons

tRNA

What are the two attachment sites of tRNA?

anticodon & amino acid

serves as the structure upon which proteins are built

rRNA

rRNA attaches to _____

mRNA

identifying an individual by analyzing the unique parts of his or her DNA

DNA fingerprinting/profiling

series of 4-5 nucleotides repeated several times in a row

(STR)short tandem repeats

What makes one STR individual from the next?

the number of repeats

a technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their length

Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis results in

distinct banding patterns

Studies the passing of characteristics from parents to their offspring

genetics

1st person to successfully predict how traits are transferred

Gregor Mendel

the combination of alleles for a particular trait or gene

genotype

the seen characteristic of an organism; the expression of the genotype

phenotype

expressed version of the gene

dominant allele

hidden or masked version of the gene

recessive allele

the resulting offspring due to the UNION of the parents (egg/sperm) that differ in one specific trait

monohybrid cross

device or diagram used to help us PREDICT ALL POSSIBLE GENOTYPES of the offspring for a particular cross

Punnett Square