ORAL COMMUNICATION

communication strategies

refer to the actions or techniques a communicator uses to help make the communication process successful

nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic-shifting, repair, termination

Types of Communication Strategies

nomination

opening and establishing of topic in a conversation; usually done by asking a question

restriction

limiting what the participants can contribute to the conversation

turn-taking

process where others stop speaking and yields the floor to other participants so she/he can speak

topic control

occurs when the main speaker manipulates the discussion to maintain flow without changing the topic

topic-shifting

occurs when a speaker changes the direction or the flow of ideas in a conversation

repair

occurs when a speaker fixes the violations (e.g., hogging the floor, mentioning wrong terms) in a communication

termination

the act of ending a conversation

public speaking

refers to the act of speaking in front of a sizable number of people that involves a single speaker and the audience. the speaker is tasked to deliver a message or speech of general interest.

according to purpose and according to delivery

classification of speeches

expository/informative speech, persuasive speech, entertainment speech

types of speeches according to purpose

expository or informative speech

provides audience with information about a topic and to expand their knowledge about something they are already familiar with

persuasive speech

aims to influence others to accept the speaker's position or stand on an issue

entertainment speech

aims to amuse audience and put them in a jovial mood

manuscript speech, memorized speech, impromptu speech, extemporaneous speech

types of speeches according to delivery

manuscript speech

the speaker has a script with them to read

memorized speech

requires keen memory and commision to memorizing the speech word for word

keep it short, practice, visualize, project your voice, use pauses appropriately

tips in delivering a memorized speech

impromptu speech

delivered with little or no preparation at all

opening rule of three clincher, past-present-future, point-reason-example/explanation-point or PREP

strategies for impromptu speech

opening rule of three clincher

has a compelling opening and requires 3 reasons that support it, and a clincher that summarizes points of the speech

past-present-future

states analogies that showcase improvement of something

point-reason-example/explanation-point or PREP

makes use of recollection that restates main points and states conclusion ( main point -> reason behind it)

extemporaneous speech

lets the speaker create an outline or notes before the delivery

identify the type of extemporaneous question, determine if topic is informative or persuasive, stick to the topic and look at all sides of the problem

steps in preparing for an extemporaneous speech

fact? value? policy?

types of extemporaneous question

rehearse the speech using outline/notes, speak in a natural manner, pay attention to the audience's nonverbal cues

steps in studying extemporaneous topic

outline

refers to the backbone or framework of a speech that allows seeing connection between ideas

introduction, body, conclusion

3 parts of (organizing a) speech

introduction

begins the speech typically with a hook; this is where the speaker states the thesis statement, purpose, and the overview of main points

body

expounding of ideas that support thesis statement; usually consists of 3 paragraphs that uses transitional words for linking

conclusion

this is where the speaker reiterates the thesis statement and summarizes the main points that closes with a final, memorable statement

chronological, spatial, cause-effect, low to high maintenance, broad vision to specific details

orders of content

chronological

ideal when telling a story; arrangement of events or information in the sequence that they happened

spatial

presented in area of space

cause-effect

presents roots and consequences

low to high maintenance

most important -> least important

broad vision to specific details

general -> specific