APES Formulas

(Chemical and Math Formulas)

Respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

Combustion

Hydrocarbons (C_xH_y) + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Ocean acidification

CO₂ + H₂O ↔ H₂CO₃ ↔ H⁺ + HCO₃^-

Photochemical smog formation

NO_x + VOCs + heat + sunlight → smog

Stratospheric ozone depletion

O₃ + Cl → O₂ + ClO

Population density

Population/Area

Rule of 70 (population doubles)

70/% growth rate

Population growth rate as a percent

(Births - Deaths)/# of people * 100

Rate of change

(Final-Initial)/(Final time - Initial time)

Percent change

(New-Old)/Old * 100

Net primary productivity

Gross primary productivity - Respiration

Gross primary productivity

Respiration + Net primary productivity

Fuel efficiency

Distance traveled/Unit of fuel consumed

Half life

t1/2=(ln(2))/k

LD50

Dose/Weight