Social Change and Development Perspectives

Social change refers to the alterations that occur in the social structure, or the pattern of action and interaction in societies

Evolutionary theory

This theory, influenced by Darwinian evolution, views social change as a gradual, progressive process. Early theorists like Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer believed societies evolve from simple, undifferentiated forms to more complex, specialized ones.

Cyclical theory

This social change theory suggests that societies rise and fall in predictable cycles. Thinkers like Arnold Toynbee and Pitirim Sorokin proposed that societies go through stages of growth, flourishing, and decline, similar to the life cycle of living organisms.

Conflict theory

Karl' Marx’s theory posits that social change is driven by class struggle and the unequal distribution of resources. He argued that the conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners of capital) and the proletariat (workers) would ultimately lead to revolution and a classless society. 

Functionalist theory

This theory of social change developed by Talcott Parsons, sees society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. When one part of the system experiences dysfunction, it can lead to social change as other parts adjust to restore equilibrium. 

Modernization theory

Emerging after World War II, this social change theory focuses on the process of traditional societies transitioning to modern ones. It often emphasizes factors like industrialization, urbanization, and the adoption of new technologies. 

Social Capital theory

This social change theory highlights the importance of social networks and relationships in facilitating social change. Strong social connections can provide resources, support, and collective action for social movements. 

Symbolic Interactionism

This theory of social change emphasizes the role of symbols, meanings, and interactions in shaping social change. It suggests that social change occurs as people reinterpret symbols and redefine their relationships with one another. 

Postmodernism

These theories challenge traditional notions of social change, questioning the idea of linear progress and universal truths. They highlight the role of power, discourse, and cultural context in shaping social change. 

Dialectical Model

Every idea and all of history goes through a dialectic process whereby an idea (thesis) develops, is challenged by an opposing idea (antithesis), and merges into a new form (synthesis).

Phenomenological model

Human behavior is influenced by meanings that are constructed through social interaction; social change is caused by changes in social construction.

Discovery

A source of social change wherein it is an augmentation of the world's tested ad verified knowledge. However, it can only be used to induce social change when it is utilized, not merely recognizing it.

Invention

A source of change where it is the combination of existing verified knowledge into a new use. It can be in material (modern technology) and social (trade union)

Conflict

This is a source of change in which it refers to the clash of ideas, perceptions, or perspectives, which may lead to violent actions.

Ideology

A source of change in which it is referred to as systems of shared ideas and beliefs, can significantly drive social change by shaping individuals' values, perceptions, and actions. They can either promote or hinder societal transformation by providing frameworks for understanding the world, defining goals for society, and motivating action.

Social consciousness

A source of social change which refers to an awareness to one’s status in relation to economic condition.

Paradigm shift

A source of change wherein it is a scientific revolution that changes the way we see and understand reality, and a social crisis that challenges the way we live and interact with each other. It is a source of progress and innovation, but also of conflict and inequality.