Exam 1

CFR 42

Guidelines that protect an individual from having their personal information leaked by the clinic they are staying within

Unilateral

• Mental illness and addiction are treated separately

• Clients can not coninue useing in this model

• Addiction is viewed as a illness

Multivariate

Treat mental health and drug use together

Family involvement

Increase success for treatment by 40 - 60%

Target approach

Best for drug users, sees what they need and puts them in the environment and support that they need.

Risk principle

Focusing on high risk offenders who continue to re offend (who)

Need principle

Targeting criminogenic risk or need factors (What)

Responsivity principle

What styles and modes of services are needed based on the offender learning abilities, IQ, characteristics related to offender population (How)

Major criminogenic risk factors are

A history of antisocial behavior, antisocial personality patterns, antisocial cognition, antisocial associates, family or marital, school or work, leisure and recreation and substance abuse

Social learning effect

• Low risk offender populations tend to learn from high risk behaviors and attitudes from high risk offenders

• High risk offenders tend to be stronger leaders, positive or negative, in group therapy or residential programs

• Using low risk offenders as role models for high risk offenders is not likely to help the high risk offenders and places the role models at higher risk

The ripple effect

• Occurs when you place low risk offenders in residential treatment it has a ripple effect for the rest of their life

• You take away their support system which is prosocial and place them in a group of high risk offenders

• This may cause them to loose their jobs, school, family, and societal support

The double trouble effect

Labeling, verbally or socially, a person as someone who is abnormal or criminal enough tends to have the individual adapt to their new identity. If the offender is in residential care, upon release, two additional effects may occur

The scarlett letter effect

Pro-social community members shun the returning home offender and withdraw their social support

The new tattoo effect

• returning home from residential incarceration is like putting on a new tattoo

• Offenders have a new story to tell and other like minded individuals want to hear and share that story

• Due to the distinction of doing time high risk community members encourage “ war stories” and celebrate this right of passage

• The offender population is positively reinforced by antisocial community members within the community

General responsivity

Important general behavioral social learning and cognitive behavioral strategies for effective intervention

Specific responsivity

Matches needed criminal justice interventions based on personality, motivation, leaning an IQ, crime committed and severity and substance abuse history

Least restricted care first

• low risk offender and minimal substance use history alternative to incarceration and substance abuse counseling

• Moderate risk offenders tend and substance abuse probation and outpatient substance abuse treatment

• High risk offenders and substance dependence incarceration and institutional substance abuse treatment

Low risk offenders

May do well with drugs courts, alternatives to incarceration, diversion programs, drug counseling, urine testing and monitoring, DWI schools, correctional boot camps, counseling

Moderate offenders

May do well with a more structured and supervised approach, electronic monitoring, community based intensive outpatient or inpatient drug treatment and self help support and probation

High risk offenders

May need incarceration in prison or corrections and treatment and parole with re entry support

Culpability

Giving children lesser or juvinal sentences since they cant understand severity of their actions

Tin god syndrome

Young people thinking that they will live forever

Developmental arrest

When someone at a young age starts using their mindset and develop is stunted at the age they started using

Suicide assessment

Important during detox

Extensive and lethal consideration

SAD PERSON inventory

• Sex

• Age (over 45)

• Depression

• Previous attempts

• Ethanal / other drugs

• Rationality

• Sickness

• Organized plan

• No spouse

• Social support

Signs

• becoming quite

• Giving away personal belongings

Autoerotic behavior / auto erotic death

Lowering oxygen by hanging oneself. Not always intentional silicide or death. High risk behavior

For a crime to occur

• victim

• Opportunity

• A chance to escape

Crime was associated

• 
  

  • in isolation with criminal behavior

  •  Crime was associated with drinking and criminal behavior

    • Domestic violence

    • Driving wile intoxicated

  • With both drugs and alcohol and criminal behavior 

  • With gangs, cartels, and large criminal organizations

• Drunk tanks (Crime was associated)

• - large cells with one toilet for people to detox within

• Crime was associated with drugs and criminal behavior (not arrested because they are high on the drug, but the behavior that usually comes along with it)

• 
  

  • Drug use

  • Possession

  • Selling

Medical and ethical considerations for treating the chemically dependent criminal justice

• “Drunk tanks” were replaced by medical detox

•  Combinations of jail and hospital units were created to treat addicted inmate population

• First year of life jail / treatment programs for pregnant females

  • Allows women to bond with their new born child and creat mother child bonds

• Mandated treatment programs for DWI offenders

• Development of the drug / mental health / veteran court system referral, intervention and treatment

Not chemically dependent and chemically dependent

• Clients not using or abusing drugs but involved in the drug subcultural

• Clients using and abusing drugs and involved with the drug subcultural

• Clients engaged in drug use, sales, or both and involved in the drug subcultural

• Opportunity Theory of gang development

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  • If people are involved in illegal activities together (selling drugs)

• Disorganized Theory of gang development

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  • If people see the potential to make a lot of money by all not encroaching (encroachment) (Ex: on each others illegal drug selling product, cliental, area)

• Subcultural Theory of gang development

• 
  

  • Can become our identity

  • Criminal

  • Non - criminal

    • Boy and girl scouts

    • One major to another

Examination of the subculture of organized crime and gangs

• Earned vs given entry

  • Committing a crime

• Matter of trust

• Grandfathered

  • Legacy

  • Multi generation

• “Beaten or jumped in”

  • Let other members beat them until they feel like they are ready to let them join

• “Sexed in”

  • Have sex with a female until they all want to let her in

  • Considered property of the gang

• Developmental considerations for gang members

  • What happens to young children who get involved an their development

  • Developmental arrest

• Special considerations:

  • Crank: meth

  • Motorcycle gangs:

    • putting a fake metal bottom in a gas tank to transport illegal drugs

  • Monikers

  • Colors

    • Color of flames on their logo can tell a lot of the persons history with the gang and criminal or sexual history

    • 1%: this person will do whatever it takes to not go back to jail again, very dangerous 

  • Tattoo's

    • Gives history about them

  • Boundaries issues

    • Symbols around cities try to claim areas and take over each others territory and communicate based on community areas (where they are selling drugs)

An examination of categories of substance abusing criminal group or gangs

• Cultural criminal

• All can coexist and lap over with each other

• The major factor in most illegal gangs or groups is the manufacturer, distribution and sale of drugs 

• Instrumental criminal

An examination of categories of substance abusing criminal group or gangs

• 
  

  • Have a specific function of killing opposing gang member's who may be on their territory 

• Familial criminal

An examination of categories of substance abusing criminal group or gangs

• 
  

  • Associated with family

  • Generational

• Societal criminal

An examination of categories of substance abusing criminal group or gangs

• 
  

  • Gangs that function within society

  • Read the room and the person (colors, tattoos) to see the persons history and what we are dealign with 

• Entrepreneurial criminal

An examination of categories of substance abusing criminal group or gangs

• 
  

  • Specific focus: getting as much money as they can 

• Schedule I

Major Drug Schedules (U.S. Controlled Substances)

• : High abuse potential; no accepted medical use.
  Examples: heroin, LSD, MDMA

• 1)(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.

• (B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

• (C) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.

• Schedule II

Major Drug Schedules (U.S. Controlled Substances)

• : High abuse potential; accepted medical use, but can cause severe dependence.
  Examples: fentanyl, oxycodone, methamphetamine

• 
  

• A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.

• (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.

• (C) Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.

• Schedule III

Major Drug Schedules (U.S. Controlled Substances)

• : Moderate/low physical dependence; accepted medical use.
  Examples: anabolic steroids, ketamine, codeine combinations

• A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.

• (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

• (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.

• Schedule IV

Major Drug Schedules (U.S. Controlled Substances)

• : Lower abuse potential than Schedule III; accepted medical use.
  Examples: Xanax (alprazolam), Valium (diazepam), Ativan (lorazepam)

• 
  

• (A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
  III

• (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

• (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.

• Schedule V

Major Drug Schedules (U.S. Controlled Substances)

• : Lowest abuse potential; limited amounts of certain controlled substances.
  Examples: some cough medicines containing codeine, pregabalin

• A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
  IV.

• (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

• (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.

Proactive and reactive responses to addictions in the criminal justice system / issues for policy

• Alcohol and prohibition / repeal of prohibition

• Supply reduction through criminal sanctions

• Supply reduction by controlling drugs at the source country

  • Reduce the amount of drugs that are coming into our country from other countries

  • Drug mules 

• Demand reduction through the use of drug testing as a deterrent

  • Anti drug lessons in schools and in the media

• Demand reduction through the use of mandated treatment

• Drug decriminalization

• Harm reduction

  • Needle exchange

• Eradication programming

  • Fly over an area and spray drugs that are growing, kills the drug

• Drug maintenance programs

  • Methadone

    • Uses this to get them off of other drugs

  • Heroin

    • Only one in the world that uses this as treatment

• Medical maintenance

• Alternative programs

  • Acupuncture 

  • Employment

  • Education

Primary treatment model

-

• 70% of people will be effected by this method

  • Schools and community setting

  • Least restrictive and low cost

• Secondary treatment model

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  • Come between Drug and the person who is using the drug

  • Counseling and help to help them decide

  • Outpatient or jail program 

• Tiertary treatment model

• 
  

  • People who are addicted

  • In treatment

  •  High risk and high containment

DEA model

• 60% of drugs are made for the USA market in other countries 

  • 90% get in

Introduction to heroin, other opiates and synthetics

• Trans manufacturing country - make a lot of drugs (Bora bora)

• trans shipping country - allows a lot of shipping through it  (Egypt)

•  trans consumption countries - consumes a lot of drugs (USA)

• The “Human mule”

• Psychology and physiology of heroin addiction and methods of administration

  • “the works” kit

    • Syringe

    • Needle

    • Cotton ball

    • Spoon

    • Matches

  • Put heroin and water in the spoon and heat it up to a liquid

  • Cotton in spoon, syringe needle in cotton ( to filter)

  • On the “Rush”

  • Yen sleep pattern - getting tried

  • 6 hours later when they wake up they need to shoot up again before they withdraw

  • Withdrawal stages

    • Stage 1:  Uncomforted

    • Stage 2: Runny nose and chills, abdominal pain

    • Stage 3: Kicking the habit: extreme chills and fever and pain

  • Cutting with fetanol

• Opiate withdrawal and overdose considerations

• Breachers syndrome X complex

• 
  

  • People are not dying from heroin overdose, they are dying from cutting and additives

• The “ten cent” pistol and other overdose matters

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  • Mixing heroin with a poison to give to people who may have been going to law enforcement to snitch on their selling

• Pre-contemplation

• Thinking out of our silos and why the single silo system has not served us well (Ch 4)

• : Not yet recognizing or acknowledging that they have a problem.

• Contemplation

• Thinking out of our silos and why the single silo system has not served us well (Ch 4)

• : Recognizing that there is a problem and thinking about making a change.

• Preparation

• Thinking out of our silos and why the single silo system has not served us well (Ch 4)

• : Planning how to make the change and identifying the support or resources they need.

• 
  

• Action

• Thinking out of our silos and why the single silo system has not served us well (Ch 4)

• : Taking specific steps to change their behavior or situation.

• 
  

• Maintenance

• Thinking out of our silos and why the single silo system has not served us well (Ch 4)

• : Continuing the positive changes and working to prevent the problem from happening again.

• Denial of responsibility

Matza and Sykes Techniques of neutralization (successful denials or blame shifting allows them to engage in the behavior)

• - they made me do it or circumstances made me do it

• Denial of injury

Matza and Sykes Techniques of neutralization (successful denials or blame shifting allows them to engage in the behavior)

• - no one is harmed

• 
  

• Denial of the victim

Matza and Sykes Techniques of neutralization (successful denials or blame shifting allows them to engage in the behavior)

• - the victim deserves it

• 
  

• Condemnation of the condemners

Matza and Sykes Techniques of neutralization (successful denials or blame shifting allows them to engage in the behavior)

• - they also do it

• 
  

• Appeal to higher loyalties

Matza and Sykes Techniques of neutralization (successful denials or blame shifting allows them to engage in the behavior)

• - it is for the common good 

• Retribution

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — punishment because the offender deserves it for the harm they caused

• Individual-level retribution

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — focuses on giving the individual offender a punishment proportionate to their crime.

• Social-level retribution

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — society expresses condemnation of the offense and reinforces shared norms about right and wrong.

• Incapacitation

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — preventing offenders from committing additional crimes by restricting their ability to offend

• General incapacitation

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — restricting offenders generally (e.g., imprisonment) to prevent them from committing crimes while incapacitated.

• Selective incapacitation

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — targeting offenders considered especially likely to commit future crimes, based on their risk of recidivism.

• Deterrence

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — preventing crime by creating a fear of punishment

• General deterrence

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — punishment of one offender is intended to discourage other people from committing similar crimes.

• 
  

• Specific deterrence

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — punishment is intended to discourage the individual offender from committing crimes again.

• Rehabilitation

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — changing an offender's behavior and addressing the causes of criminal behavior

• Individual rehabilitation

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — focuses on changing the individual through treatment, education, counseling, job training, substance-use treatment, etc.

• 
  

• Social rehabilitation

Criminal justice punishment philosophies

•  — focuses on helping offenders successfully reintegrate into society by improving social support, employment, housing, relationships, and other circumstances associated with offending

• 1900’s

History of Cocaine

• People had cocaine in coke

• Used to treat Narcolepsy - looked dead

  • Barried alive, used cocaine to treat

  • Used in eye surgery to prevent bleeding

• 1940’s

History of Cocaine

• 
  

  • Amphetamines

    • “mothers little helper”

      • High energy and benefits in cleaning the house / chores

      • High addiction

• 
  

• 1960’s - 1970’s

History of Cocaine

• 
  

  • Cocaine came back

  • “Clean drug for the elite, clean drug” - Marketing

    • “Cocaine is not addictive”

  • Administered inter nasal, snorting

    • For-play - Put powered on glass and use a razor to chop, straw to snort

    • Nose bleed or burn, then squeezes the blood vessels shut

      • No blood going to the vessels causes them to die causing a deviated septum

  • Cocaine is 4 - 7% pure

• 1970 - 1980

History of Cocaine

• 
  

  • Freebasing cocaine

    • Mix cocaine and water to dilute it put it in a stem (glass pipe) and hit it with a ether base lighter to burn the impurities out (ended up being explosive)

      • 85 - 90% pure cocaine is able to be consumed

• Crack and Methods of Administration

• 
  

  • 1990’s

  • 1990 +

    • Crack

      • Glass beaker + cocaine + baking soda to get rid of the impurities and smoked with a regular lighter or match

      • 90 - 95% pure cocaine and no explosion or deviated septum

  • Increases blood pressure, pulse rate, and body temperature more than cocaine

• Methamphetamine and Methods of Administration

• 

  •  smoked and injected

  • Increases blood pressure, pulse rate, and body temperature more than cocaine and crack and longer

  • “On the run” or “tweaking”

    • Staying high for many days

  • “Amping”

    • Staying high for many months

• "Super Labs"

• Methamphetamine and Methods of Administration

• 
  

  • illicit, large-scale industrial facility capable of producing 10 pounds (4.5 kg) or more of the drug per production cycle

• "Mom and Pop Labs"

• Methamphetamine and Methods of Administration

• a small, independent, and clandestine operation run by individuals—often in homes, motel rooms, or vehicles—to produce methamphetamine for personal use or local distribution

Hazards of the Meth Lab

• Precurser Chemicals

• The dangerous chemicals used to make meth

• P3 Labs

• Precurser Chemicals

• 
  

  • meths labs

    • 24 hours to create a batch

    • Creates strong gases and fumes

• Birch or Nazi Labs

• Precurser Chemicals

• 
  

  • Typically used by independent, local producers to yield small "ounce" quantities

• Soda Labs

• Precurser Chemicals

• 
  

  • Made in a bottle and self cooks through chemical reactions

• 

• Hazards of the Cooking Process

• Precurser Chemicals

• 
  

  • Explosions

  • Fumes

  • Fumes mixed with body heat causes burns

• 

• Implications for Officer Safety and Public Health Safety

• Precurser Chemicals

• 
  

  • Fumes stay in walls and carpet

  • Labs set up traps

• 

• Typology of the Average Cooker

• Precurser Chemicals

• 
  

  • Intelligence of a 4 -7th grader

  • Paranoia

• 

• Monitoring for the "SMURF"

• Precurser Chemicals

• 
  

  • a person hired or used by a methamphetamine manufacturer to purchase over-the-counter medications containing pseudoephedrine

• Blood and Body Temperature and Pulse Issues

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

All increase severely

• Dental or "Meth Mouth,"

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

• 
  

  • Teeth become rotted away

• Systemic Toxic Effects,

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

• 
  

  • Smoking and cooking can cause this 

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

• Extreme Paranoia

• Hair Thinning

• Weight Loss

• Binge and Long Term Use Patterns,

• Invasive Boundary

• Issues and Abandonment Depression

• Tweeking (weeks) and Amping (months) Behaviors

• Behavioral Stereotyping,

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

• 
  

  • Same behaviors over and over 

• Fish Face,"

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

• 
  

  • Looks sucked in

• Behavioral Stereotyping,

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

• 
  

  • Same behaviors over and over 

• Fomication or "Meth Bugs"

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

• 
  

  • Picking at their skin causing facial problems

• 
  

• Sexual Aggression

Physical and Psychological Effects of Meth on the User

• 
  

  • Fixated on sex