ethics

bentham

Pleasure is extrinsically good

kant

“This situation has such and such features and any situation possessing these features must be dealt with in such and such manner.”

kant

An act to be moral, it is a requisite that it be an act of a free agent and it must be an act done from “inclination” and from a sense of duty dictated by reason.

kant

Reason is what deems an action ethical or otherwise.

St. Thomas

Virtue can be acquired or infused.

Bentham

He observes that people act in their own interests and often people act to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Aristotle

“The essence or essential nature of beings, including human, lay not at their cause but their end (telos).”

Plato

The highest of all forms is the form of the Good

St. Thomas

Introduces “first principle”

Mill

“It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.”

Aristotle

Virtue lies neither in the vice of deficiency or excess but in the middle ground.

mill

He wants to have a qualitative distinction among pleasures.

St. Thomas

Happiness in this life is imperfect but attained its perfection in God.

Aristotle

Happiness should also be understood in the sense of human flourishing.

Socrates

Ignorance is the primary cause of evil.

c. both are true

• Aristotle happiness (eudaimonistic) is a state of character resting in the golden mean (vice), resolved by the prescription that a wise person would determine.

• Kant divides the maxims of conduct into two namely hypothetical and categorical imperative.

c. both are true

• St. Thomas ethics is aretaic meaning virtue based, it focuses on what we should be and not what we should do.

• Aristotle ethics is also known as Nicomachean ethics.

c. both are true

• Typology of laws is central to the ethics of St. Thomas.

• Categorical imperative ordains a rule that if followed will guarantee that the person behaving in accordance with it is acting morally.

A. First is true, second is false

• Mill states that physical pleasure belongs to lower pleasure while higher pleasure means intellectual pleasure.

• St. Thomas believes that living a life in contemplation leads us to the knowledge of the Form.

B. First is false, second is true

• Categorical Imperative is how reason orders one to achieve in a manner on the condition one seeks a specific end.

• Natural law refers to the law according to the rational plan of God by which all creation is ordered.

C. Both are true

• Divine law is derived from eternal law as it appears historically to humans, especially through revelation.

• The principle of utility affirms that experience teaches us which kind of action promotes happiness and which does not.

A. First is true, second is false

• Kant agrees with some ethicists that happiness is the summum bonum (the ultimate end or goal).

• The existence of moral rights is deemed to be dependent upon the actions of jurists and legislators.

C – Both are Tru

• The principle of utility states that an action is right insofar as it tends to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

• St. Thomas distinguished two kinds of infused virtue namely virtues of intellect and moral virtues.

B – First is False, second is True

• Higher pleasure means intellectual pleasure which includes political, sensual, and spiritual pleasure.

• Phronesis is the intellectual virtue of practical wisdom, is that kind of moral knowledge which guides us to what is appropriate in conjunction with moral virtue

D – Both are Fals

• Eternal law is a law of revelation, disclosed through Scripture and the Church, which is also directed toward man’s eternal end.

• Moral virtues are virtues concerned directly with God and provide us with true knowledge and desire of God and of His will.

A – First is True, second is Fals

• Kant proposed that an act is morally right by the person’s motive in accordance with duty.

• For Aristotle, those who comprehend the Good will always do good action.

C – Both are True

• The Latin term utilis means useful.

• Deontological ethics holds that an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good.

C – Both are True

• Hedonistic calculus is a method to calculate the quantitative worth of pleasure and the method has eight criteria.

• Kant teaches that good will is the highest good and the condition of all other good.

A – First is True, second is False

• It is a virtue because it is corrective of natural deficiencies.

• Mill is considered a quantitative hedonist.

B – First is False, second is True

• Universalizability is the feeling that pushes us to select a particular option or make a particular decision.

• Theory of form is central to Aristotle’s philosophy