Ch. 17 LEC - Blood

Exam 1

blood is a [TYPE OF TISSUE] composed of

• [NUMBER] % plasma

• [NUMBER] % formed elements

  • [NAME] (red blood cells)

  • [NAME] (white blood cells)

  • [NAME] (fragments of cells)

• fluid connective tissue

• 55%

• 45%

• erythrocytes

• leukocytes

• platelets

define “hematocrit”

the percentage of blood volume that is red blood cells (erythrocytes)

the hematocrit level for the average male is _

47%

the hematocrit level for the average female is _

42%

what is the normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

what is the average temperature of blood in the body?

38 degrees Celsius

list the 3 key functions of blood (3 key words/phrases only)

distribution, regulation, and protection

what does blood distribute in the body? (3 possible answers)

• oxygen and nutrients (to body cells)

• metabolic waste (to lungs and kidneys) (e.g., carbon dioxide waste)

• hormones (from endocrine glands to target organs)

what does blood regulate in the body? (3 possible answers)

• body temperature (e.g., blood is sent away from extremities and towards core when cold outside)

• pH (using buffers)

• fluid volume

what does the blood protect itself from? (2 possible answers)

• blood loss

• infection

[NUMBER] % of blood plasma is water

90

what proteins are found in blood plasma? (3 answers)

• albumin (60%)

• globulins (36%)

• fibrinogen (4%)

other than water and proteins, what other solutes are found in blood plasma? (5 main groups)

• nitrogenous by-products of metabolism (lactic acid, urea, creatinine)

• nutrients (glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids)

• electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-)

• respiratory gases (O2, CO2)

• hormones

erythrocytes are [SHAPE], [NUCLEATE/ANUCLEATE] discs [CONTAINING/LACKING] organelles that are primarily filled with [PROTEIN] for gas transport

biconcave, anucleate, lacking, hemoglobin (Hb)

platelets are _

cell fragments

the life of a red blood cell is about [TIME DURATION]

120 days

where do red blood cells originate from in the body?

red bone marrow

explain how erythrocytes’ structure informs its function

• biconcave shape = high surface area to volume ratio allows higher oxygen capacity

• no mitochondria = no oxygen is used for RBCs to generate ATP

• >97% hemoglobin make-up = lots of oxygen can reversibly bind to the RBC

what is the main function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?

to transport respiratory gas (i.e., CO2 waste and O2)

each hemoglobin molecule can transport [NUMBER] iron (Fe2+) and [NUMBER] oxygen (O2) molecules

4, 4

hemoglobin consists of the protein [NAME] (made of [NUMBER] alpha and 2 [NAME] polypeptide chains) and 4 heme groups (containing [ELEMENT])

globin, 2, beta, Fe2+

what is oxyhemoglobin?

oxygenated hemoglobin generated in the lungs (ruby red color)

what is deoxyhemoglobin?

reduced hemoglobin after oxygen was unloaded in the tissues (dark red color)

what is carbaminohemoglobin?

CO2-loaded hemoglobin (from tissues)

define “hematopoiesis” (hemopoiesis)

the formation of blood cells (in red bone marrow)

what are hemocytoblasts?

hematopoietic stem cells

define “erythropoiesis”

the formation of red blood cells

[TOO MANY/FEW] red blood cells reads to tissue hypoxia

few

[TOO MANY/FEW] red blood cells leads to increased blood viscosity

many

what factors affect the balance between RBC production and destruction? (2 possible answers)

• HORMONAL CONTROLS

• if the supply of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins are enough

what is erythropoietin (EPO)?

a hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia

what are the possible causes of hypoxia (i.e., low blood oxygen)? (3 possible answers)

• hemorrhage, blood loosing-injury

• insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency)

• reduced availability of oxygen (e.g., high altitude)

why is there a higher red blood cell count in males?

testosterone enhances EPO production

list the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis

• amino acids

• lipids

• carbohydrates

• iron

• vitamin B12 and folic acid (for DNA synthesis/cell division)

what is the function of macrophages?

to engulf dying red blood cells, separate heme and globin, and recycle reusable parts

define anemia

• a sign that blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity

• blood oxygen levels can’t support normal metabolism

• experiences fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills