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Mendel’s First Law of Segregation
Only one of the two gene copies in an organism us distributed to each gamete
Why are some alleles dominant?
When a single copy of that allele is enough to produce the observable trait
Why are some alleles recessive?
Its effect is only visible if an individual inherits two copies of that allele
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment (2nd Law)
The alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted independently of one another
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Individual genes are found in specific locations on particular chromosomes, and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can explain why genes are inherited according to Mendel’s 1st and 2nd laws
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance + Mendel’s 1st Law
The members of a homologous pair separate in meiosis- which mirrors segregation of alleles into gametes
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance + Mendel’s 2nd Law
Members of different chromosome pairs are sorted into gametes independently of another in meiosis, just like alleles of different genes in Mendel’s 2nd law
Gamete
Sex cell
Zygote
Fertilized sex cell
karyotype
An individual's complete set of chromosomes
Allele
Different version of the same gene
Autosome
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Sex Chromosome
A type of chromosome involved in sex determination
Recombination
A process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles
Monohybrid
A genetic cross that involves studying one trait in two organisms
Dihybrid
A genetic cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for two traits. The offspring of a dihybrid cross have a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
Klinefelter Syndrome
A genetic condition where a male has an extra X chromosome; a random error during cell division that results in an extra X chromosome
Turner Syndrome
A genetic disorder that affects females, characterized by the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome
Aneuploidy
The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set
Aneuploidy in autosomes
Not tolerated; miscarriage, birth defects- early deaths, down syndrome
Aneuploidy in sex chromosomes
A condition where a person has an abnormal number of X and/or Y chromosomes
