Science Test

Base

Bottom of the microscope, where to support with palm

Arm

Grip for microscope when carrying

Platform

Support specimen being observed

Diaphragm

Controls light that goes through specimen

Stage Clips

Holds down specimen

Mirror

Light source

Low power objective lens

4x magnification

Medium power objective lens

10x magnification

High power objective lens

40x magnification

Body tube

Creates magnified image using light from objective to pass upward

Ocular

Further magnifier by 10x

Coarse adjustment knob

Moves stage up and down

Fine adjustment knob

Minute focusing on specimen

Rotating nosepiece

Objective switcher

Why is the image in the microscope flipped?

This is because there are two lenses in the microscope.

When can you use the coarse adjustment knob?

Only on low power

What would be the magnification of low power after multiplying by the 10x from the ocular?

40x

What would be the magnification of medium power be after multiplying by the 10x from the ocular?

100x

What would be the magnification of high power be after multiplying by the 10x from the ocular?

400x

Which is smaller, the coarse or fine adjustment knob?

The fine knob

Why can the coarse adjustment knob only be used on low power?

It can crack the slide.

Why can direct sunlight not be used to observe a specimen?

It can damage the eyes.

What is the most familiar type of microscope?

The compound light microscope.

Nucleus

Structure which contains DNA and controls all cell functions

Nucleolus

Prominent structure in nucleus that makes ribosomes

Nuclear membrane

The part of the cell that envelops the nuclear material and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

Cell membrane

Semi-permeable structure that separates one cell from the next and controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance that is the fluid portion of the cell that helps a cell keep its shape

Golgi body

Responsible for storage and secretion of cell products and modifies, sorts, and packages and then stores materials and proteins from the rough er

Ribosomes

The cellular site of protein synthesis that produces proteins and is in the cytoplasm

Centrioles

Plays a key role in cell division

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Structure that acts as a transport tube for cell proteins and directs them to where they are supposed to go; has ribosomes on the surface

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Creates lipids for the cell and breaks down toxins; does not have ribosomes on the surface

Lysosome

Source of digestive enzymes that break down food into small molecules

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration, where ATP energy for life activities is created; powerhouse of the cell

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll; The site of photosynthesis that captures sunlight for the plants to make into chemical energy(glucose)

Vesicle

Small sac for storage and transportation of materials through cell organelles that is made by the golgi apparatus

Vacuole

Large sac that gives the cell its shape and is filled with water, ions, and nutrients

Cell wall

Rigid layer(cellulose) that provides support and structure

Cytoskeleton

Organizes the cell and gives it formation and shape

Lipid Bilayer

Flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings

Which organelles are found only in plant cells?

Central Vacuole, chloroplast, and cell wall

Which organelles are not found in plant cells?

Centrioles and lysosomes

What is Trichology?

The scientific study of the structure, function, and diseases of human hair.

What is a wet mount?

Adding a drop of water to the specimen and holding the cover slip at a 45 degree angle before placing it on top the specimen

What are the 3 layers of a hair shaft?

Cuticle(the outer layer), the cortex, and the medulla

What is the cuticle?

The outer layer of the hair shaft that consists of overlapping scales that are directed toward the tip of the shaft.

What is the cortex?

The inside of the hair shaft that is made up of compact, elongated cells and often contains pigment granules.

What is the medulla?

The central core of the hair shaft that is composed mostly of air spaces. It can be either absent, continuous, or fragmented.

What does a cell membrane have the same consistency of at normal temp?

Olive oil

What is found on the surface of some proteins(glycogen)?

Carbohydrates which are important for cell-to-cell recognition

What is cholesterol to the cell membrane?

An integral component of the cell membrane which has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head which helps maintain integrity of the membrane which decreases fluidity, immobilizing outer surface. Helps secure important proteins to the membrane.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

What happens when the bond between the last two phosphates is broken(hydrolyzed)?

A large burst of stored energy is released.

What is the uncharged form of ATP?

ADP

Where is all the energy stored?

In the last two phosphates

Where is movement during active transport?

Against the concentration gradient. This is when substances move from a low to high concentration

What are channel pumps?

Certain channel proteins in the cell membrane push molecules against their concentration gradient to maintain unequal levels using ATP. They work into or out of the cell.

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

Located on the cell membrane of all animal cells, responsible for 1/5 of total ATP, pumps sodium(Na) of out cells and potassium(K) into cells

Membrane potential

An electrical charge that exists across the cell membrane

Uniport

Moves ions/molecules in one direction

Antiport

Moves ions/molecules in opposite directions(against each other)

Symport

Moves two different ions in the same direction

What do vesicles have?

A phospholipid bilayer.

Endocytosis

The movement of substances into a cell by means of a vesicle.

What is pinocytosis(cell drinking)?

The process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment(extracellular fluid). Tiny pockets form along the membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off.

What is phagocytosis(cell eating)?

Extensions off cell membrane surround a particle and package it within a vesicle and then the cell engulfs it.

What is macrophages?

White blood cells

Exocytosis

The movement of substances out of a cell by means of vesicle which is done by the golgi apparatus to export proteins.

What are the methods of active transport?

Channel pumps and vesicles

What are the three rules of cell theory?

1: All living things are made up of cells.

2: Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.

3: All cells come from pre-existing living cells.

Prokaryotic

Simple in structure; no membrane bound organelles; unicellular; cell wall for protection and support which allows bacteria to live in varied environments

Eukaryotic

Complex in structure; membrane bound organelles;

Bacteria

Microscopic living organisms; among oldest living organisms; some are harmful some are good

What can prevent bacteria spread?

(Usually) antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilization

Antibiotics

Selective poisons that seek to kill specific bacteria but they cannot kill viruses

Probiotics

“Good bacteria” that offer some type of health benefit to the host

How are bacteria antibiotic resistant?

They reproduce very quickly and therefore evolve quickly along with mutations, people not taking antibiotics for as long as they’re prescribed, and overuse of antibiotics.

Bacteria ways of movement:

Cilia and Flagella

Bacteria ways of obtaining energy

Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, decomposers

Name three types of main bacteria:

Coccus, bacillus, and spirullus

Archaebacteria/extremophiles

Oldest known organisms; beginning of life on earth?- chemosynthesis; live in extreme environments

Eubacteria

Current form of bacteria; live all around us; constantly evolving

Name the extreme environments archaebacteria have been found in: ____philes

Thermophiles- Heat addict

Halophiles- Salt addict

Alkaliphiles- Base addict(pH 9+)

Acidophiles- Acid addict(pH 3-)

Psychrophiles(cryophiles)- Cold addict

Cellular transport

Movement of materials across the semi-permeable cell membrane to maintain homeostasis.

Hypertonic

More water in the cell than in the solution ex: cell-90% solution- 85% water

Hypotonic

More water in solution than in cell ex: cell-85% solution- 90% water

What are the two kingdoms or bacteria?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Difference between homeostasis in unicellular and multicellular organisms

Unicellular organisms have one cell that performs homeostasis and performs all tasks while multicellular organisms have cells with specialized tasks that communicate to maintain homeostasis

What is cystic fibrosis?

When the cells that control mucus and sweat are disordered and then in turn leads to mucus build up that damages airways and the lungs.

Label a microscope

Passive Transport

Movement across the cell membrane that does not require any energy to occur; occurs due to concentration gradient; high concentration to low concentration

What are the three types of passive transport?

Diffusion, osmosis, and ion channels

Diffusion

Movement of a substance down the substance’s concentration gradient from high to low concentration; dissolved particles that are small and nonpolar can diffuse directly through cell membrane(Co2 and Oxygen)

Concentration gradient

A difference in the distribution of substances across a space

Equilibrium

A condition in which the concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

Dissolver

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane through aquaporins

What happens when water moves out of the cell? What about in?

Out: Cell shrinks(hypertonic)

In: Cell enlarges(hypotonic)