Science Test

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104 Terms

1

Base

Bottom of the microscope, where to support with palm

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2

Arm

Grip for microscope when carrying

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3

Platform

Support specimen being observed

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4

Diaphragm

Controls light that goes through specimen

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5

Stage Clips

Holds down specimen

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6

Mirror

Light source

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7

Low power objective lens

4x magnification

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8

Medium power objective lens

10x magnification

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9

High power objective lens

40x magnification

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10

Body tube

Creates magnified image using light from objective to pass upward

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11

Ocular

Further magnifier by 10x

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12

Coarse adjustment knob

Moves stage up and down

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13

Fine adjustment knob

Minute focusing on specimen

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14

Rotating nosepiece

Objective switcher

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15

Why is the image in the microscope flipped?

This is because there are two lenses in the microscope.

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16

When can you use the coarse adjustment knob?

Only on low power

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17

What would be the magnification of low power after multiplying by the 10x from the ocular?

40x

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18

What would be the magnification of medium power be after multiplying by the 10x from the ocular?

100x

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19

What would be the magnification of high power be after multiplying by the 10x from the ocular?

400x

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20

Which is smaller, the coarse or fine adjustment knob?

The fine knob

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21

Why can the coarse adjustment knob only be used on low power?

It can crack the slide.

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22

Why can direct sunlight not be used to observe a specimen?

It can damage the eyes.

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23

What is the most familiar type of microscope?

The compound light microscope.

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24

Nucleus

Structure which contains DNA and controls all cell functions

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25

Nucleolus

Prominent structure in nucleus that makes ribosomes

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26

Nuclear membrane

The part of the cell that envelops the nuclear material and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

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27

Cell membrane

Semi-permeable structure that separates one cell from the next and controls what enters and leaves the cell

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28

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance that is the fluid portion of the cell that helps a cell keep its shape

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29

Golgi body

Responsible for storage and secretion of cell products and modifies, sorts, and packages and then stores materials and proteins from the rough er

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30

Ribosomes

The cellular site of protein synthesis that produces proteins and is in the cytoplasm

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31

Centrioles

Plays a key role in cell division

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32

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Structure that acts as a transport tube for cell proteins and directs them to where they are supposed to go; has ribosomes on the surface

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33

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Creates lipids for the cell and breaks down toxins; does not have ribosomes on the surface

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34

Lysosome

Source of digestive enzymes that break down food into small molecules

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35

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration, where ATP energy for life activities is created; powerhouse of the cell

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36

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll; The site of photosynthesis that captures sunlight for the plants to make into chemical energy(glucose)

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37

Vesicle

Small sac for storage and transportation of materials through cell organelles that is made by the golgi apparatus

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38

Vacuole

Large sac that gives the cell its shape and is filled with water, ions, and nutrients

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39

Cell wall

Rigid layer(cellulose) that provides support and structure

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40

Cytoskeleton

Organizes the cell and gives it formation and shape

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41

Lipid Bilayer

Flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings

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42

Which organelles are found only in plant cells?

Central Vacuole, chloroplast, and cell wall

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43

Which organelles are not found in plant cells?

Centrioles and lysosomes

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44

What is Trichology?

The scientific study of the structure, function, and diseases of human hair.

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45

What is a wet mount?

Adding a drop of water to the specimen and holding the cover slip at a 45 degree angle before placing it on top the specimen

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46

What are the 3 layers of a hair shaft?

Cuticle(the outer layer), the cortex, and the medulla

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47

What is the cuticle?

The outer layer of the hair shaft that consists of overlapping scales that are directed toward the tip of the shaft.

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48

What is the cortex?

The inside of the hair shaft that is made up of compact, elongated cells and often contains pigment granules.

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49

What is the medulla?

The central core of the hair shaft that is composed mostly of air spaces. It can be either absent, continuous, or fragmented.

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50

What does a cell membrane have the same consistency of at normal temp?

Olive oil

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51

What is found on the surface of some proteins(glycogen)?

Carbohydrates which are important for cell-to-cell recognition

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52

What is cholesterol to the cell membrane?

An integral component of the cell membrane which has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head which helps maintain integrity of the membrane which decreases fluidity, immobilizing outer surface. Helps secure important proteins to the membrane.

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53

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

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54

What happens when the bond between the last two phosphates is broken(hydrolyzed)?

A large burst of stored energy is released.

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55

What is the uncharged form of ATP?

ADP

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56

Where is all the energy stored?

In the last two phosphates

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57

Where is movement during active transport?

Against the concentration gradient. This is when substances move from a low to high concentration

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58

What are channel pumps?

Certain channel proteins in the cell membrane push molecules against their concentration gradient to maintain unequal levels using ATP. They work into or out of the cell.

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59

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

Located on the cell membrane of all animal cells, responsible for 1/5 of total ATP, pumps sodium(Na) of out cells and potassium(K) into cells

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60

Membrane potential

An electrical charge that exists across the cell membrane

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61

Uniport

Moves ions/molecules in one direction

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62

Antiport

Moves ions/molecules in opposite directions(against each other)

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63

Symport

Moves two different ions in the same direction

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64

What do vesicles have?

A phospholipid bilayer.

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65

Endocytosis

The movement of substances into a cell by means of a vesicle.

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66

What is pinocytosis(cell drinking)?

The process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment(extracellular fluid). Tiny pockets form along the membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off.

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67

What is phagocytosis(cell eating)?

Extensions off cell membrane surround a particle and package it within a vesicle and then the cell engulfs it.

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68

What is macrophages?

White blood cells

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69

Exocytosis

The movement of substances out of a cell by means of vesicle which is done by the golgi apparatus to export proteins.

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70

What are the methods of active transport?

Channel pumps and vesicles

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71

What are the three rules of cell theory?

1: All living things are made up of cells.

2: Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.

3: All cells come from pre-existing living cells.

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72

Prokaryotic

Simple in structure; no membrane bound organelles; unicellular; cell wall for protection and support which allows bacteria to live in varied environments

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73

Eukaryotic

Complex in structure; membrane bound organelles;

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74

Bacteria

Microscopic living organisms; among oldest living organisms; some are harmful some are good

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75

What can prevent bacteria spread?

(Usually) antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilization

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76

Antibiotics

Selective poisons that seek to kill specific bacteria but they cannot kill viruses

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77

Probiotics

“Good bacteria” that offer some type of health benefit to the host

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78

How are bacteria antibiotic resistant?

They reproduce very quickly and therefore evolve quickly along with mutations, people not taking antibiotics for as long as they’re prescribed, and overuse of antibiotics.

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79

Bacteria ways of movement:

Cilia and Flagella

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80

Bacteria ways of obtaining energy

Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, decomposers

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81

Name three types of main bacteria:

Coccus, bacillus, and spirullus

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82

Archaebacteria/extremophiles

Oldest known organisms; beginning of life on earth?- chemosynthesis; live in extreme environments

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83

Eubacteria

Current form of bacteria; live all around us; constantly evolving

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84

Name the extreme environments archaebacteria have been found in: ____philes

Thermophiles- Heat addict

Halophiles- Salt addict

Alkaliphiles- Base addict(pH 9+)

Acidophiles- Acid addict(pH 3-)

Psychrophiles(cryophiles)- Cold addict

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85

Cellular transport

Movement of materials across the semi-permeable cell membrane to maintain homeostasis.

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86

Hypertonic

More water in the cell than in the solution ex: cell-90% solution- 85% water

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87

Hypotonic

More water in solution than in cell ex: cell-85% solution- 90% water

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88

What are the two kingdoms or bacteria?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

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89

Difference between homeostasis in unicellular and multicellular organisms

Unicellular organisms have one cell that performs homeostasis and performs all tasks while multicellular organisms have cells with specialized tasks that communicate to maintain homeostasis

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90

What is cystic fibrosis?

When the cells that control mucus and sweat are disordered and then in turn leads to mucus build up that damages airways and the lungs.

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91
<p>Label a microscope</p>

Label a microscope

knowt flashcard image
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92

Passive Transport

Movement across the cell membrane that does not require any energy to occur; occurs due to concentration gradient; high concentration to low concentration

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93

What are the three types of passive transport?

Diffusion, osmosis, and ion channels

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94

Diffusion

Movement of a substance down the substance’s concentration gradient from high to low concentration; dissolved particles that are small and nonpolar can diffuse directly through cell membrane(Co2 and Oxygen)

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95

Concentration gradient

A difference in the distribution of substances across a space

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96

Equilibrium

A condition in which the concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space

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97

Solute

Substance being dissolved

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98

Solvent

Dissolver

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99

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane through aquaporins

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100

What happens when water moves out of the cell? What about in?

Out: Cell shrinks(hypertonic)

In: Cell enlarges(hypotonic)

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