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Qualitative research

a powerful approach focused on delving deep into human experiences, perceptions, and interpretations of events

Phenomenological Study

This design is dedicated to exploring and understanding "lived experiences" of individuals.

Ethnographic Study

This approach focuses on immersing the researcher within a specific cultural group to study their shared practices, belief systems, and behaviors in their natural context over an extended period.

Grounded Theory

This method involves an inductive process of data collection and analysis, with the goal of constructing a theory directly "grounded" in the data itself

Case Study

This design allows for an in-depth investigation of complex issues within a specific context, often focusing on a single individual, group, or institution. It's about deep dives rather than broad generalizations

Action Research Design

This is a cyclical process focused on identifying a problem, developing and implementing an intervention, observing and analyzing the results, and continuing this cycle until a valid solution is achieved. It's often used in practical settings to bring about change.

Research Title

it's often the first and most frequently read part of a study, defining the research problem

(The Subject/Topic)

: What is the core phenomenon being investigated?

(The Locale)

Where will the research be conducted?

The Population/Respondents

Who are the participants or subjects of the study?

Time period

When is the timeframe for data collection?

Chapter 1: The Study and Its Background:

This chapter introduces the research, outlining the Introduction, Statement of the Problem, Scope and Delimitations, Significance of the Study, Assumptions, Framework, and Definition of Terms

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies:

This section synthesizes existing research relevant to the study, providing context and identifying gaps.

Chapter 3: Methodology:

This chapter details the research design, participants, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures.

Getting to Know the Data

This initial stage involves thoroughly reading and re-reading the collected text (transcripts, field notes) to become intimately familiar with the content and assess its quality.

Focusing the Analysis

Researchers then determine how to focus their analysis—whether by specific questions, topics, time periods, events, or by individual cases or groups

Coding

This is the process of systematically categorizing the data.

Predefined Codes

These are categories or themes that the researcher anticipates based on prior knowledge or literature review

Emergent Codes

These codes surface directly from the data during the analysis process, revealing unexpected insights

Entering and Organizing the Data

This step involves meticulously organizing the qualitative data, which can be timeconsuming

Cleaning the Data

Before deeper analysis, data must be checked for errors, inconsistencies, or missing information to ensure accuracy

Content Analysis

Involves systematically coding words, phrases, and sections of text and interpreting their meanings

Thematic Analysis

This method involves identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within the data.

Interpreting the Data

In this final stage, the analyzed data is synthesized into a coherent whole.

Phenomenon

Any peculiar incidents that can happen anywhere, with any discipline or in any organization.

Descriptive Research

Used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena.

Involves collecting information without changing the environment

Correlational Research

Tests the strength of the relationships between two or more variables

Quasi-Experimental Research

cause-and-effect relationship is observed between two or more variables

Experimental Research

To observe a cause-and-effect relationship by systematically manipulating the independent variable and observing the influence on the dependent variable, guided specifically by several hypotheses.

Variables

Is any factor or property that a researcher measures, controls, and/or manipulates

Attributes

The value/s assigned to a specific variable
characteristics

Numeric Variable

Variables with values that describe a measurable numerical quantity

Continuous Variable

any value between a certain set of real numbers.
ranges, not specified

Discrete Variables

assume any whole value within the limits of the given variables - Whole number and specific

Categorical Variables

Variables with values that describe a quality or characteristics of data unit like “what type” or “which category”

Ordinal

Logical arrangement

Nominal Variables

no order whose values cannot be organized or ranked in logical sequence

Dichotomous Variables

represent only 2 categories
yes or no

Polychotomous Variable

have many categories

Experimental Variables

Describes the factors that differ between the test and the control samples, which you are investigating

Independent Variable

usually manipulated in an experiment

Dependent Variable

Affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

Extraneous Variable

variables that are already existing during the conduct of an experiment and could influence the result of the study

Non-Experimental Variables

Observing variables in their natural state instead of manipulating them

Should-do-ability

relevance

Do-ability

: feasibility

Introduction

Allow the readers to know the idea of the manuscript

Statement of the Problem

Set of questions or problems

General Problem

restatement of objective

Specific Problem

question form

Scope & Delimitation

What the study determines to accomplish

Significance of the Study

Presents the importance of the problem being investigated by listing beneficiaries and the benefits that they will be receiving from the study.

Start with a General Statement of Importance

Introduce the research topic again in brief.

Identify the Beneficiaries

State who will benefit from the study

Align with Your Research Focus

Make sure the significance directly relates to your research problem, variables, and scope.

Use Formal, Clear, and Concise Language

Avoid repetition and vague phrases like “this is important.”
Be direct but scholarly in tone.

Write in Future or Present Tense

Since the study is yet to be completed (or just completed), use future tense (will benefit, may help) or present tense (this study provides).

Conceptual Framework

Explains the scope and range of a concept or construct, specifically the interaction of the major variables in the study

Input-Process-Output Model (IPO Model)

Used when the research attempts to isolate the factor or major variable

Independent Variable-Dependent Variable Model (IV-DV Model)

Applicable for experiment-based studies

Predictor-Criterion Model

Looks into the influence between two or more variables, where it focuses on relationships, associations, differences, and impacts

-P Model

Model where research studies propose a program or any intervention measure.

Proposed Original Model

a type of research output paradigm used when a study leads to the creation of a new model, framework, or theory based on the research findings.

Hypothesis

A tentative prediction about the interaction of two or more variables in a population under study is written by the researcher.

Simple Hypothesis

It is formulated when predicting a relationship between an independent or predictor variable and a dependent or criterion variable.

Complex Hypothesis

It is formulated when predicting the relationships between two or more independent variables to two or more dependent variables

Directional Hypothesis

It specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction

Non-directional Hypothesis

It does not stipulate the direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent

Null Hypothesis

It is formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis. It is always expressed as a negative statement

Alternative Hypothesis

It states the actual expected relationships between variables.

Definition of Term

Important terms used in the study must be defined clearly.

Conceptual Definition

This is used when a term is defined using books and dictionaries.

Operational Definition

This is used when a term is defined based on how it is used in the study.

Relevant Theory/ies

Established and credible explanations or principles that are directly connected to your topic and variables.

Relevant Literature and Studies

Presents the related literature and studies that will support or contradict the results of the current study.