Functional Groups

alkane

C and H singly bonded to each other

alkene

C = C

alkyne

C = C

arene

six carbons in a ring with alternating double bonds

alkyl halide

just carbons and hydrogens with a halogen at the end

ether

C — O — C

alcohol

C — O — H

amine

nitrogen bonded to carbon atoms (can be multple carbon atoms)

sulfide

C — S — C

thiol

C — S — H

nitrile

N = C

carbonyl

carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen; C = O

ester

carbonyl connected to C on one side, O on the other

C — carbonyl (|^O|)— O

carboxylic acid

C — (carbonyl) — O — H

• carbon on one side, oxygen connected to hydrogen on the other

amide

carbon on one side, nitrogen on the other

• the carbonyl makes this amide, not amine

acid halide

halogen adjacent to the carbonyl

acid anhydride

2 carbonyls joined by an oxygen in the middle and carbons on the outside

C — (carbonyl) — O — (carbonyl) — C

aldehyde

carbonyl connected to carbon on one side, hydrogen on the other

• C — (carbonyl) — H

• carnbonyl carbon (the one connecting it to the chain) is bound to a C or H

ketone

carbonyl connected to carbon on both sides

• C — (carbonyl) — C

• carnbonyl carbon is bound to a C or H

phosphate

phosphorus connected to four oxygen atoms

diphosphate

two phosphate groups linked by an oxygen

imine

carbon doubly bonded to nitrogen

C = N

disulfide

two sulfurs connected together, with carbons on the outside

C — S — S — C

sulfoxide

sulfur connected to an oxygen

thioester

carbonyl group next to sulfur on one side and carbon on the other side (connected to more carbons)

• C — C — (carbonyl) — S — C

epoxide