WEEK 1Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Key vocabulary terms, definitions, components, and consumer behavior models from the Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality lecture.

Guyer-Feuler Definition of Tourism (1905)

Defined tourism as a modern phenomenon driven by people's desire for relaxation, appreciation of nature and art, and closer connections among communities.

Tourism Society of England Definition of Tourism (1976)

Defined tourism as the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during the stay at each destination.

Dynamic Element of Tourism

One of the two essential elements of tourism identified by Burkart and Medlik (1997), referring to the journey taken to and from destinations outside the place of residence.

Static Element of Tourism

One of the two essential elements of tourism identified by Burkart and Medlik (1997), referring to the stay at the destination outside the place of residence.

UNWTO Definition of Tourist (1994)

Someone who travels outside their usual environment for up to one year for leisure, business, or other purposes.

UNWTO Definition of Tourism (2008)

A social, cultural, and economic activity that includes visitors' travel and activities, which may involve spending money.

Attraction (5 A's of Tourism)

Considered the most important basic component among the 5 A's of tourism, referring to any things or places that a person desires to visit.

Accessibility (5 A's of Tourism)

The reachability of a destination that tourists want to visit via various means of transportation.

Accommodation (5 A's of Tourism)

The primary service needed at the destination where tourists can find food, shelter, and a comfortable place to rest and relax.

Amenities (5 A's of Tourism)

Extra facilities that add attractiveness, accessibility, and accommodation for tourists, such as room service, hot tubs, and spas.

Activities (5 A's of Tourism)

Events or actions in which individuals participate for various purposes such as traveling, having fun, spending time, improving, and resting voluntarily.

Hospes

The Latin root word for hospitality, which means guest.

Hospitality

The friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers, providing them with food, beverages, lodging, and abode.

Guest Perspective of Hospitality

A viewpoint where service providers meet guest expectations to make customers feel comfortable and well-served.

Operator Perspective of Hospitality

A viewpoint holding that in a hospitality setting, the guest exists to be served and the operator exists to serve.

Tech Perspective of Hospitality

The application of technology, such as reservation systems and guest management tools, to resolve operational issues like long waiting lines and slow service.

Interconnection of Tourism and Hospitality Components

The core structure linking hospitality and tourism through four main sectors: food and beverage services, lodging services, recreation services, and tourism services.

Commercial Food Services

Food and beverage operations whose primary business is selling food and beverages, such as fine-dining and full-service restaurants.

Non-commercial Foodservices

Operations where food and beverages are served but represent a secondary function rather than the primary business (such as SMERF establishments).

On-Premise Catering

Also known as 'dine-in', this is the process of preparing, presenting, and serving food where customers physically go to the establishment location to eat.

Off-Premise Catering

Outdoor catering or take-out service where food is prepared in one location and served elsewhere.

Lodging

Accommodation provided for a period of time or a place to sleep for overnight or long-term services to travelers.

Recreation

Any activity that people perform for rest, relaxation, and enjoyment to free themselves from the demands of work and duty.

Active Physical Recreation

Participative physical activity during leisure, such as playing volleyball or basketball.

Passive Physical Recreation

Spectator physical activity where an individual watches a game or sport without actively participating.

Countryside Recreation

Recreation occurring in National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, or heritage areas, such as mountains, hills, lakes, fields, and beaches.

Home-Based Leisure

Activities performed for relaxation without leaving home, such as listening to music, watching television, gardening, reading, and playing board games.

Business Travel

Travel undertaken for work purposes where a person spends money on hospitality and tourism products like lodging and food services.

Leisure Travel

Travel undertaken primarily for recreation, entertainment, and personal enjoyment.

Bleisure Travel

Travel that combines elements of both business travel and leisure travel in a single trip.

Travel Agencies

Intermediary businesses operating between travel, tourism, and hospitality suppliers and travelers, capable of assembling products into prepackaged travel tours.

Online Travel Agencies (OTAs)

Web-based platforms allowing travelers to search and book tours, accommodations, and itineraries online (e.g., Agoda, Expedia, Wotif, Asiatravel).

Tour Operators

Companies or individuals who package all components of an offered trip or service and sell them directly or through retail outlets and travel agencies.

Inbound Tour Operators

Tour operators that bring foreign travelers into a specific country as a group or through individual tour packages.

Outbound Tour Operators

Tour operators that work within a country to send and take local travelers to other countries.

Receptive Tour Operators (RTOs)

Operators acting as liaisons and booking agents connecting local products to tour operators in other international markets.

Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs)

Entities such as national tourism boards and government agencies (e.g., Department of Tourism) that promote long-term development and marketing of a destination.

Tornus

The Latin word meaning a tool for describing a circle or a turner's wheel, from which the words 'tour' and 'tourist' originate.

Tourist (UN Rome Conference 1963)

Temporary visitors staying in a destination for at least or more than 24 hours for non-monetary earning reasons.

Excursionists

Temporary visitors staying in a destination for less than 24 hours without making an overnight stay.

Allocentric Tourists (The Wanderers)

According to Plog's model, self-confident and outgoing travelers who seek new experiences, adventures, unusual destinations, and flexible itineraries.

Psychocentric Tourists (The Repeater)

According to Plog's model, non-adventuresome travelers who prefer returning to familiar destinations, typical accommodations, and family-type restaurants.

Midcentric Tourists

According to Plog's model, travelers whose preferences swing between allocentric and psychocentric characteristics.

Bubble Travelers (Henley Centre Phase I)

Low-budget and low-knowledge tourists who prefer package tours and observe foreign cultures from a distance out of curiosity.

Idealized Experience Seekers (Henley Centre Phase II)

Confident tourists experienced in foreign travel who prefer flexible individual tour offers over standardized group tours.

Seasoned Travelers (Henley Centre Phase III)

Affluent and adventurous tourists who are confident in experimenting with different foreign environments and individualistic tours.

Complete Immersers (Henley Centre Phase IV)

Travelers who aim to fully integrate into a destination's culture, heritage, culinary traditions, and language through well-planned but unstructured trips.

Domestic Tourism

Travel exclusively within a resident's own country, avoiding language, currency, documentation, and socio-cultural barriers.

International Tourism

Travel outside of one's home country involving adjustments to foreign currencies, passports or visas, languages, and socio-cultural differences.

Independent Inclusive Tour (IIT)

A packaged tour structure in which the tourist travels to the destination site individually.

Group Inclusive Tour (GIT)

A packaged tour structure in which the tourist travels to the destination site accompanied by a group of other tourists.

Intangibility of Tourist Products

The service characteristic meaning tourist products cannot be seen, tasted, felt, heard, or smelled prior to purchase.

Inseparability of Tourist Products

The service characteristic meaning tourist products cannot be separated from their service providers during delivery.

Variability of Tourist Products

The service characteristic indicating that product quality depends on who provides the service, as well as when, where, and how it is delivered.

Perishability of Tourist Products

The service characteristic indicating that unused service capacity cannot be stored or saved for later sale or use.