Remington Group 0 Elements

Who did not include inert gases in his atomic table due to their unknown status at the time?

Dmitri Mendeleyev

What is the most appropriate group designation for inert gases in the periodic table?

Group 0

What is the correct electron configuration transition as you move from halogen to inert gas to alkali metal?

(n-1)s²(n-1)p⁵ -> (n-1)s²(n-1)p⁶ -> ns¹

What element does not naturally occur in the atmosphere?

Radon

Where in the US can helium be found in commercial quantities?

Southwestern US

1. How are argon, neon, krypton, and xenon produced?
   
   A) Electrolysis of water

   B) Fractional distillation of liquid air

   C) Reaction with hydrogen

   D) From the natural decay of uranium

Fractional distillation of liquid air

How is radon produced?

A) As a byproduct of nitrogen production
B) By fractional distillation of air
C) From the natural decay of radium
D) During electrolysis of water

C) From the natural decay of radium

Which of the following best describes the state of Group 0 elements at room temperature?

A) Solid and reactive
B) Colorless, odorless, monoatomic gases
C) Colored, diatomic gases
D) Liquids with high reactivity

B) Colorless, odorless, monoatomic gases

What is the electron configuration of helium?

1s²

What property of Group 0 elements makes them chemically inert?

A) They have unpaired electrons
B) They have a full outer electron shell
C) They have very small atomic radii
D) They readily lose electrons

B) They have a full outer electron shell

Which of the following is a known stable compound of xenon?

A) XeF₂
B) XeO₄
C) XeCl₂
D) XeS₄

A) XeF₂

What compound is produced by xenon under special conditions?

Sodium perxenate

What noble gas is used to prepare synthetic air due to its low density and solubility in blood?

Helium

Argon is used in industrial processes because it:

• A) Reacts with nitrogen

• B) Creates high-temperature flames

• C) Provides an inert atmosphere

• D) Combines easily with metals

C) Provides an inert atmosphere

What Group 0 element has been explored for potential anesthetic use?

Krypton

What limits the use of krypton and xenon as anesthetics?

• A) Their high reactivity

• B) Their scarcity in nature

• C) Their toxic effects

• D) Their inability to dissolve in blood

B) Their scarcity in nature

What isotope of xenon is used for medical diagnostic studies?

^133Xe

What is radon used for in medicine?

In cancer treatment

What type of particles are emitted by radium and radon during radioactive decay?

Alpha particles

Why is radon considered a public health concern?

It emits harmful radiation

What is the general electron configuration of Group I elements?

ns¹

Group I-A elements have an underlying electron configuration of:

(n-1)s² (n-1)p⁶ ns¹

Group I-B elements differ from Group I-A due to the presence of:

Completed d shell

Group I-B elements exhibit higher oxidation states because:

The d shell can lose electrons

The properties of salts in Group I elements are mostly influenced by the:

Anion

As the atomic number increases in Group I, the hydration of cations:

Decreases

In the crystalline state, which elements regularly form hydrates?

Lithium and sodium

Potassium and ammonium salts, if hydrated, typically associate water with:
a) The cation
b) The anion
c) Both cation and anion
d) The solvent only

Answer: b) The anion

Sodium salts are often chosen over potassium salts due to:

Economic reasons

Compared to sodium salts, potassium salts are generally more soluble in:
a) Polar solvents
b) Nonpolar solvents
c) Water
d) Aqueous solutions

Answer: b) Nonpolar solvents

Which ammonium salt is known for low water solubility?
a) Ammonium sulfate
b) Ammonium perchlorate
c) Ammonium nitrate
d) Ammonium chloroplatinate

Answer: d) Ammonium chloroplatinate

Ammonium hydroxide in water is classified as:

Feebly basic

The equilibrium for ammonium hydroxide in water strongly favors the:
a) Right
b) Left
c) Middle
d) Product formation

Answer: b) Left

Solutions of ammonium salts are typically:

Acidic

Ammonium bromide is therapeutically used as a:
a) Muscle relaxant
b) Central depressant
c) Stimulant
d) Expectorant

Answer: b) Central depressant

Ammonium carbonate and ammonium chloride are used in medicine as:
a) Expectorants
b) Pain relievers
c) Antiseptics
d) Stimulants

Answer: a) Expectorants

In pharmaceutical use, ammonia is preferred over alkali bases because:
a) It is less reactive
b) It is volatile and easily removed
c) It has stronger alkaline properties
d) It neutralizes acids better

Answer: b) It is volatile and easily removed

What is the concentration of household ammonia (16-degree ammonia)?
a) 5%
b) 10%
c) 15%
d) 20%

Answer: b) 10%

Compared to sodium salts, what is a key property of potassium salts?
a) Higher reactivity
b) Lower solubility in water
c) Greater solubility in nonpolar solvents
d) Greater degree of hydration

Answer: c) Greater solubility in nonpolar solvents

What is the family name for Group I-B elements?

Coinage metals

Why have Group I-B elements been known since antiquity?

They occur in the free metallic state and are malleable.

Which of the following is a major difference between Group I-A and Group I-B elements?
a) Group I-B elements form numerous colored compounds.
b) Group I-B hydroxides are highly soluble in water.
c) Group I-B elements do not form complexes.
d) Group I-B compounds are completely non-toxic.

Answer: a) Group I-B elements form numerous colored compounds.

What is the solubility status of hydroxides and many simple salts of Group I-B elements in water?

Insoluble

What is the toxicity level of soluble Group I-B compounds?

Toxic

Which of the following copper(I) compounds is most frequently used?
a) Copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O) and copper(I) chloride (CuCl)
b) Copper(I) nitrate and copper(I) hydroxide
c) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(II) sulfate
d) Copper(I) fluoride and copper(I) bromide

Answer: a) Copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O) and copper(I) chloride (CuCl)

Which of the following are common copper(II) (cupric) salts?
a) Copper(I) bromide and sulfate
b) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄·5H₂O)
c) Copper(I) chloride and oxide
d) Copper(II) fluoride and iodide

Answer: b) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄·5H₂O)

What is one role of copper in the human body?

Enhances physiological utilization of iron

• Which copper compounds are commonly used in medicinal applications?
  a) Copper(I) oxide and bromide
  b) Copper(II) iodide and nitrate
  c) Copper gluconate, cupric chloride dihydrate, cupric sulfate pentahydrate
  d) Copper(II) chloride and fluoride

• Answer: c) Copper gluconate, cupric chloride dihydrate, cupric sulfate pentahydrate

How is the solubility of gold ions improved?

By using a sulfur linkage in complexation

Which gold compounds are used for treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Aurothioglucose and gold sodium thiomalate

What is the radioactive isotope of gold used therapeutically?

¹⁹⁸Au

What antidote is used for gold toxicity?

Dimercaprol (BAL)

What is the electron configuration of Subgroup II-A elements?
a) (n-1)d¹⁰ns²
b) (n-1)s²(n-1)p⁶
c) 1s²2p²
d) (n-1)s²(n-1)p⁴

Answer: b) (n-1)s²(n-1)p⁶

What differentiates Subgroup II-B elements in terms of electron structure?
a) They have no s-electrons
b) They have a filled d-orbital (n-1)d¹⁰ns²
c) They only have p-orbitals
d) They have an incomplete d-orbital

Answer: b) They have a filled d-orbital (n-1)d¹⁰ns²

Which of the following elements in Group II-A is amphoteric?
a) Magnesium
b) Beryllium
c) Calcium
d) Barium

Answer: b) Beryllium

What is the common oxidation state of alkaline earth metals in Group II-A?

+2

Which Group II-A elements react readily with water at room temperature to form hydroxides?
a) Beryllium and Magnesium
b) Calcium, Strontium, and Barium
c) Magnesium and Barium
d) Beryllium and Calcium

Answer: b) Calcium, Strontium, and Barium

Magnesium reacts with water to form hydroxides only under which condition?

Elevated temperatures

Which Group II-A element forms crystalline complexes like KMgF₄?

Magnesium

What type of solutions do calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxides produce, despite being less soluble than alkali hydroxides?

Strongly basic

Which Group II-A element forms both simple salts and berylates due to its amphoteric nature?

Beryllium

What compound is used as an antidote for barium poisoning?
a) Sodium chloride
b) Potassium sulfate
c) Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt)
d) Calcium carbonate

Answer: c) Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt)

Which barium compound is used in medical imaging as a radiopaque agent?
a) Barium hydroxide
b) Barium phosphate
c) Barium sulfate
d) Barium carbonate

Answer: c) Barium sulfate

How many elements are in Group III of the periodic table?

36

How many elements are in Group III-A?

5

Group III-B is subdivided into which of the following?
a) Alkali metals and halogens
b) Lanthanides, actinides, and transition elements
c) Transition elements and noble gases
d) Lanthanides and metalloids

Answer: b) Lanthanides, actinides, and transition elements

How many elements are there in the lanthanides and actinides respectively?

14 and 14

Which lanthanide is widely used as an analytical reagent?
a) Thallium
b) Gallium
c) Cerium
d) Indium

Answer: c) Cerium

Why are lanthanides and actinides not further discussed in pharmacy?
a) They are extremely expensive
b) They are not biologically significant
c) They have no pharmacy applications
d) They are rare elements

Answer: c) They have no pharmacy applications

What role does boron play in human metabolism?

Bone metabolism

Which boron compound is used as a topical anti-infective and eye wash?
a) Sodium perborate
b) Boric acid
c) Sodium borate
d) Kaolin

Answer: b) Boric acid

What is sodium borate (borax) commonly used for?
a) Insecticide
b) Cold creams, eye washes, and mouthwashes
c) Gastric antacids
d) Antiperspirants

Answer: b) Cold creams, eye washes, and mouthwashes

Which boron compound is an oxidizing local anti-infective?
a) Boric acid
b) Sodium perborate
c) Aluminum sulfate
d) Kaolin

Answer: b) Sodium perborate

• What incompatibility is associated with borate buffers?
  a) Precipitation of insoluble borates in acidic solutions
  b) Precipitation of insoluble borates in neutral or alkaline solutions
  c) Precipitation with noble metals
  d) Precipitation of organic molecules

• Answer: b) Precipitation of insoluble borates in neutral or alkaline solutions

Which element is the most abundant metal on Earth?

Aluminum

Which two elements surpass aluminum in abundance in the Earth’s crust?

Silicon and oxygen

What is the primary pharmaceutical use of aluminum compounds?
a) Antacids
b) Pain relievers
c) Anti-infectives
d) Blood thinners

Answer: a) Antacids

Soluble aluminum salts are used for which purposes?
a) Analgesics and sedatives
b) Antifungal and antibiotics
c) Skin conditions and antiperspirants
d) Laxatives and muscle relaxants

Answer: c) Skin conditions and antiperspirants

What is kaolin used for in pharmaceutical applications?
a) Gastric antacid
b) Absorbent and demulcent
c) Antimicrobial agent
d) Pain reliever

Answer: b) Absorbent and demulcent

What concerns exist regarding chronic aluminum toxicity?
a) Liver damage
b) Bone weakening
c) Brain toxicity, particularly in the elderly
d) Kidney damage

Answer: c) Brain toxicity, particularly in the elderly

Which diagnostic radioactive isotopes are derived from gallium, indium, and thallium?
a) 67Ga, 113In, 201Tl
b) 99Tc, 123I, 201Au
c) 67In, 100Ga, 112Tl
d) 201Hg, 113In, 97Tl

Answer: a) 67Ga, 113In, 201Tl

Which Group III-A element has one of the lowest melting points of any metal?
a) Thallium
b) Gallium
c) Indium
d) Boron

Answer: b) Gallium

What is the melting point of gallium?

29.75°C

Gallium(III) is chemically similar to which other element in Group III-A?
a) Aluminum
b) Thallium
c) Indium
d) Boron

Answer: a) Aluminum

Gallium binds to which protein, making it useful in treating cancer-related hypercalcemia?
a) Hemoglobin
b) Albumin
c) Transferrin
d) Myoglobin

Answer: c) Transferrin

Thallium compounds were historically used in which products?
a) Baking powder
b) Antacids
c) Insecticides, especially ant poisons
d) Skin creams and sunscreens

Answer: c) Insecticides, especially ant poisons

Thallium(I) behaves similarly to which ion?
a) Calcium
b) Sodium
c) Potassium
d) Magnesium

Answer: c) Potassium

Indium is chemically similar to which two elements in Group III-A?
a) Boron and thallium
b) Gallium and aluminum
c) Iron and copper
d) Gallium and boron

Answer: b) Gallium and aluminum

Which element in Group III-B has the greatest polarizing power due to its smallest atomic radius?

• A) Lanthanum (La)

• B) Yttrium (Y)

• C) Scandium (Sc)

• D) Hafnium (Hf)

• Answer: C) Scandium (Sc)

Which element readily forms complexes such as K₃ScF₆?

• A) Lanthanum (La)

• B) Yttrium (Y)

• C) Scandium (Sc)

• D) Terbium (Tb)

• Answer: C) Scandium (Sc)

Which hydroxide in Group III-B is the weakest base?

• A) La(OH)₃

• B) Y(OH)₃

• C) Sc(OH)₃

• D) Lu(OH)₃

• Answer: C) Sc(OH)₃

Which Group III-B element has properties between those of scandium and lanthanum?

• A) Actinium (Ac)

• B) Yttrium (Y)

• C) Thorium (Th)

• D) Neodymium (Nd)

• Answer: B) Yttrium (Y)

Which hydroxide is the strongest base among Group III-B elements?

• A) Sc(OH)₃

• B) Y(OH)₃

• C) La(OH)₃

• D) B(OH)₃

• Answer: C) La(OH)₃

Which oxidation state is exhibited by all Group III-B elements?

• A) +2

• B) +3

• C) +4

• D) +1

• Answer: B) +3

What is the electron configuration of Group IV-A elements like carbon and silicon?

• A) ns²np²

• B) ns²np⁴

• C) (n-1)d⁵ns²

• D) ns²np³

• Answer: A) ns²np²

Which Group IV-A element can achieve spd hybridization due to its available d orbitals?

• A) Carbon (C)

• B) Silicon (Si)

• C) Lead (Pb)

• D) Germanium (Ge)

• Answer: B) Silicon (Si)

Which element of Group IV-A is exclusively non-metallic?

• A) Silicon (Si)

• B) Germanium (Ge)

• C) Carbon (C)

• D) Tin (Sn)

• Answer: C) Carbon (C)

What is the maximum coordination number for carbon?

4

What type of bonding is predominant in carbon compounds like CO₂?

Covalent