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The Scientific Revolution
1543-1687
The English Civil War
1642-1649
Louis XIV’s reign
1643-1715
The Glorious Revolution
1688 – 1689
The enlightenment
1700s
The French Revolution
1789-1799
Abdication of Napoleon
1815
congress of vienna
1815
Seven Years War (1756–1763
Some historians consider this to be the first world war because it occurred on three different continents: Europe, North America, and Asia.
In part, the Seven Years’ War began because Frederick II of Prussia took Silesia from Maria Theresa of the Habsburgs and she wanted it back.
Frederick II was surrounded by the Austrians, Russians, and French and eventually gave Silesia back to the Habsburgs.
In Asia, Britain and France battled for control of India by supporting different local princes.
This ended in a British victory, and France withdrawing from India. Finally, in North America, this war was known as the French and Indian War, in which the French traders and Native Americans allied to fight against British settlers.
Thanks to Britain’s strong navy, the war ended in the Treaty of Paris, which stipulated that Britain gain large portions of France’s colonial holdings including parts of Canada and land east of the Mississippi River.
The war had significant repercussions, including territorial changes, shifts in global power dynamics, and large debts for several nations like France.
The French Revolution -
The political upheaval that ended with the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy in France.]
Historians generally divide the revolution into two phases: the Liberal Phase and the Radical Phase.
The Liberal Phase included events such as the Tennis Court Oath, Storming of the Bastille, and the Women’s March on Versailles;
these events led to the Radical Phase or Reign of Terror.
Causes of the French Revolution
The French Revolution was brought about in large part due to the imbalance of political power in the Estates General, France’s large debts, and bread shortages.
France was divided into Three Estates, the clergy (1% of the population), the nobility (2% of the population), and everyone else (97% of the population).
Each of these bodies received one vote and the nobility and clergy had similar interests and always voted together against the people, meaning 3% of the population was happy with rulings, while 97% was not.
After all the wars King Louis XIV financed, including the American Revolution, France had large debts that were being repaid through an unfair tax system that taxed the Third Estate, but not the First and Second Estates, the clergy and nobility, who could have actually afforded to pay those taxes.
On top of heavy taxation, there were also major bread shortages throughout all of France.
The people were literally starving.
To add insult to injury, the people experienced great dissatisfaction with their monarchs, Louis XVI and Marie Antionette, who lived opulent lifestyles in the Palace of Versailles, completely out of touch with the economic realities of the day.
King Louis XVI
The king of France from 1774-1792.
Married to Austrian Marie Antionette, he was unpopular monarch due to his weak nature, inability to produce an heir, and economic strife during his reign.
In the Womens’ March on Versailles, the royal family was forcibly returned to Paris.
In his Flight to Varennes, Louis XVI tried to flee but was returned again to Paris, where he became a virtual prisoner. -
Louis XVI met his ultimate demise when he was beheaded by the guillotine during the French Revolution.
Marie Antionette
The daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria and last Queen of France before the French Revolution.
She was infamous for her extravagance and perceived indifference to the plight of the common people. She is often associated with the quote, “Let them eat cake,” which was said during a time of bread shortages.
Her reputation as a symbol of royal decadence helped fuel the French Revolution and led to her eventual beheading.
Estates-General
Began as an advisory governing body in France during the Middle Ages.
in 1789, King Louis XVI called the Estates General for the first time in 175 years. Due to France’s unstable political and economic situation, the Estates-General was summoned to pass proposals for additional taxes.
It did not go as Louis XVI planned…
Third Estate
One of the traditional three divisions of European Society, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the 18th century;
consisted of all who are not members of the clergy or nobility (the first two estates).
By the 18th century, the Third Estate consisted of roughly 97% of France’s population with the First and Second Estates making up 1% and 2% respectively.
National Assembly
In 1789, the Estates-General met to discuss the problems facing France: issues of taxation and bread shortages.
As always, the First and Second Estates were going to vote together, so the members of the Third Estate left the meeting and declared themselves the National Assembly, the one true representative body of France.
They formed the National Assembly and made the Tennis Court Oath, a promise that they would not leave the tennis court near the Palace of Versailles until France had a new constitution.
The National Assembly went on to adopt The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
sans-culottes
without breeches”
The common people, who did not wear the fine clothes of the upper classes and played an important role in the radical phase of the French Revolution,
often being involved in street protests and riots.
The most famous was the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789.
The Storming of the Bastille
The Bastille was a political prison that symbolized the oppression or corruption of France’s monarchy.
On July 14, 1789, a group of sans-culottes besieged the Bastille.
It was dismantled by the mob and this event is one of the first instances of bloodshed and rioting during the French Revolution.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A document drafted by the National Assembly
contained ideas such as freedom of speech and press, right to own private property, importance of a constitution and representative government.
It also abolished hereditary privileges of first and second estates.
Women’s March on Versailles
In 1789, a group of Parisian women marched on Versailles to protest high prices and a lack of bread.
They beheaded guards and put their heads on pikes, demanding King Louis XVI to relocate from Versailles to Paris, where his power could be more easily checked.
Olympe de Gouges
Olympe de Gouge became famous for her writings advocating for women's rights and social reforms during the French Revolution.
In 1791, she published The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen as a response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
De Gouge argued that women were equal to men and deserved the same rights and freedoms.
She was eventually imprisoned and executed by the Jacobins.
Jacobins -
The Jacobins were a radical political group during the French Revolution that held power from 1793 to 1794. They were known for their extremist views and their use of terror to maintain political control. The Reign of Terror, a period of bloodshed and fear in France during the French Revolution, was largely orchestrated by the Jacobins, who believed that violence was necessary to achieve revolutionary goals. They were responsible for acts such as reordering time with a new calendar, dissolving the constitutional monarchy, beheading the king, etc.
Girondins
- At the beginning of the French Revolution, the Girondins were closely associated with the Jacobins. However, they favored more moderate action such as keeping the king alive, and they lost power. So-called because their leader came from Gironde in southern France.
Robespierre
Robespierre was the most influential member of the Jacobins and the architect of the Reign of Terror, a period of less than a year in which over 40,000 French citizens were sent to the guillotine. Robespierre was eventually executed by his colleagues, who saw him as a threat to their own power.
National Convention
The governing body of France from 1792 to 1795. It was largely dominated by the Jacobins and was responsible for some of the most radical changes of the Revolution, including the execution of Louis XVI.
Committee of Public Safety
A powerful political body that held power during the Reign of Terror, overseeing the Reign of Terror and directing much of France's domestic and foreign policies.
It was created in April 1793 to deal with threats to the revolution at home and abroad.
It also enacted mass conscription, or levée en masse, forcing any man aged 18-25 to serve in the military and fight in the French Revolutionary Wars abroad.
de-Christianization
A policy, adopted in the radical phase of the French revolution,
aimed at creating a secular society by eliminating Christian (most often Catholic) forms and institutions from French society. Acts of de-Christianization included:
prohibition of any Christian practice or worship either in public or private life,
closing of the churches and destruction of religious images,
the formation of a revolutionary calendar in place of a Christian calendar,
and the creation of new religious cults, such as the Cult of the Supreme Being.
Edmund Burke
British philosopher,
politician,
and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France,
he is known for his criticisms of the French Revolution and his conservative values.
Napoleon Bonaparte
reforms under Napoleon included:
careers open to talent,
educational system,
centralized bureaucracy,
civil code,
and the Concordat of 1801; curtailment of rights under Napoleon included: secret police, censorship, and limitation of women’s rights
The Congress of Vienna
After the defeat of Napoleon by a coalition of European powers,
the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) attempted to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future.
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian statesman and Foreign Minister,
who served as one of the organizers of the Congress of Vienna.
He is known for his reactionary conservatism and was forced to resign during the Revolutions of 1848.
The time of conservative values across Europe, from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 until 1848, is often referred to as the Age of Metternich.
Haitian Revolution
Recognizing that the French supported the American Revolution and had started their own revolution, spouting ideas of “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity,” th
e slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue led their own rebellion in 1791.
Led by Toussaint L'ouverture, this rebellion led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804.
This is considered the only successful slave revolt in modern history? ???
Revolutions of 1848
a series of liberal and nationalist uprisings that swept across western and central Europe.
These revolutions included the July Revolution in France, as well as revolution attempts in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and the modern-day Czech Republic.
The revolutions were largely unsuccessful, but they set the stage for many of the political changes that would take place in the decades to come, especially the rise of nationalism and socialism.
Romanticism
an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe in the late 18th century.
It was characterized by a focus on emotion, individualism, and the beauty of nature and served as a challenge to Enlightenment rationality.
Methodism
- founded by John Wesley,
German pietism taught that religious experience was not about belonging to a church,
but about mystical and personal experiences with divinity.
Inspired by German pietism, Anglican preacher John Wesley developed the Methodist Movement, which emphasized personal religious experience and knowing God in your heart.
Wesley preached in unorthodox locations like open fields and centered his teachings on deep, emotional feelings, further tying his religious beliefs not only to the Enlightenment, but also to Romanticism.
mass politics
A political order characterized by mass political parties and Universal male and eventually female suffrage
