skeletal system midterm2

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteocytes

mature bone cells that maintain bone structure derived from osteoblasts

osteoclasts

bone absorbing cells

chrondroytes

cartilage forming cells

diaphysis

shaft od the bone made of compact bone and filled with yellow marrow

epiphysis

ends of the bone made mostly of spongy bone

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage found on the ends of the long bones

yellow bone marrow

stores fat

red bone marrow

makes blood cells found in spongy bone and flat bones

periosteum

layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the bone

ligaments

fibrous connective tissue that connects bone

compact bone

composed of osteons with a central canal containing blood vessels, contains osteocyte chambers called lacunae

spongy bone

made of plates with spaces filled with red bone marrow, spaces between bone tissue

cartilage

flexible connective tissue

ossification

the formation of bone in 2 distinct ways

intramembranous ossification

bone development between sheets of fibrous connective tissue; used in flat bones

endochondrial ossification

cartilage is replaced by bone; used by most bones

growth hormone

stimulates general bone growth and the epiphyseal plates

sex hormones

increases growth during adolescence

vitamin D

converted to a hormone to allow calcium absorption in the intestine

hematoma

blood clot formed between broken bones

fibrocartilaginous callus

cartilaginous callus forms between broken bones

bony callus

cartilaginous callus turned to bone

remodeling

old bone tissue is replace by new bone tissue

age

approximated through dentition, studying areas of bone ossification and joint condition

gender

pelvic bone is best used, thickness of long bones, skull characteristics

ethnicity

difficult to tell but skull characteristics are most useful

axial skeleton

skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae

appendicular skeleton

pectoral and pelvic girdles and appendages

skull

made of cranium and facial bones

cranium

protects the brain, composed of 8 bones

mandible, maxillae,zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, palatine

bones of the face

vertebral column

extends from skull to the pelvis, allows movement, protects spinal cord, absorbs stress from moving

cervical, throacic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

vertebral column parts

rib cage

encloses the thoracic cavity in which the lung and the heart are located

sternum

breastbone is composed of the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process

ribs

connect to the thoracic vertebrae in the back

thoracic vertebrae

protects the spinal cord

pectoral girdle

consists of the scapula and clavicle

upper limb

consists of arm and hand bones

pelvic gridle

consists of the ilium, ischium, pubis

lower limb

consists of leg and foot bones

fibrous

usually immovable such as the suture between cranial bones, joints between the teeth and the bony socket

cartilaginous

tend to be slightly moveable such as the intervertebral disks, pelvis

synovial

freely moveable joints such as the ball and socket hip and shoulder joints and the knee joint

flexion

decrease in joint angle

extension

increase in joint angle

hyperextension

extension beyond 180 deg

adduction

body part moves toward midline

abduction

body part moves away from midline

inversion

sole of foot turns inward

eversion

sole of foot turns outward

rotation

movement around a body part axis

circumduction

movement in wide circles, limb position describes a cone

supination

rotation of lower arm so palm upward

pronation

rotation of lower arm so palm downward