Models and Theory's for AP Human Geography

Latitude vs Longitude

Latitude: Based on the equator, horizontal

Longitude: Based on the prime meridian, vertical

GIS

Used to layer different maps to show patterns in data.

Thematic Maps

Type of map that shows data with a theme.

Ex. Isoline, Dot, Choropleth

Population Pyramids

Used to show demographic patterns in a population using sex and age.

Demographic Transition Model

5 stages that it has been said all countries will/have gone through, each stage categorized by birth/death rates, and natural population increase.

Does not factor in migration.

More developed countries = later stages of the model.

Epidemiological Transition Theory

Connected to DTM, it shows what type of diseases a country is most likely to face depending on its development stage.

Ex.

Stage one: Cholera (an underdeveloped country resulting in poor sanitation leading to diseases formed in unsanitary conditions)

Stage five: Alzheimer's (a developed country with good healthcare leading to long life expectancy —> degenerative diseases)

Raveinsteins Laws of Migration

1.Most move a short distance.

2.Migration goes by steps.

3.Long distance migrants more likely to move to big cities.

4.All migration flows have a counterflow.

5.People of rural areas are more likely to migrate.

6.Men are more likely to migrate long distances while women are more likely to migrate short distances.

7.Migrants are mostly adults not families.

8.Urban areas mostly grow from in migration not nauturally.

9.Migration increases with more transportation and economic opportunities.

10.Mostly from rural to urban.

11.Economic factors are the main cause of migration.

Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

The 18th-century idea is that the world's population grows exponentially while food production grows linear. Meaning that there wouldn't be enough food available to keep the population, leading to "checks" including famine and war that would kill off some of the population.

This theory ended up being inaccurate as he didn't know of the more than enough food we would be able to produce because of new technology.

Language Tree

Tree of which languages came from which language family.

Indo-European is the largest language family including European and Indo-Iranian languages.

Core-Periphery Model

Describes the relationship between core and periphery countries. The core is the ones to rely on the labor from the periphery countries.

Von Thunen Model

Shows where industries are located. With four rings around the city, the first ring with dairy farming + market gardening, the second with forests, the third with grains + field crops, and the fourth with ranching and livestock.

Ester Boserups Theory

The idea that food production will increase based on population increase.

Rostow's Stages of Development

Stage one: Traditional Society

Stage two: Preconditions to take off

Stage three: Take off

Stage four: Drive to maturity

Stage five: High mass consumption

Dependency Theory

The idea that the World Systems Theory's dependency was caused by colonization. As periphery countries were colonized, their production was replaced by labor which helped the core countries to develop goods, resulting in them becoming dependent on the core countries for food and consumer goods.

Webers Least Cost

The pattern with industries is that the transportation costs of raw materials to the factory and the finished product to the market are the lowest.

Raw materials heavier than the finished product = the factory is closer to the materials.

Christallers Central Place Theory

Based on how far people are willing to travel for work and products. Based on assumptions, creating a hexagon shape of main cities is surrounded by small towns and cities.

Burgess Concentric Zone

Describes the layout of a city.

The center of the city, the business district, is surrounded by rings of industry/residential areas, with the most wealthy people living the furthest from the center (they wouldn't want to be near the pollution).

Gravity Model

The idea is that people would be more willing to go to certain places over others. For example, a big city like Chicago is more likely to attract people compared to a smaller city like Detriot.

Hoyt Sector Model

A city map where the lowest class lives around transportation, while the upper class lives along business.

Harris Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

City layout with multiple central business districts.

Rank Size Rule

The formula nth largest city is 1/n of the largest city.

Ex. The second largest city in a country is half of the size (population) of the first largest city.

We can see this with the US (#1 Los Angeles 3.8 million, #2 Chicago 2.6 million, #3 Houston 2.3 million)

Bid-Rent Theory

The further away from the central city, the higher the land prices.